Gucungera gazi no kwirinda porosity mu aluminium Alloy Die-Casting

Gucungera gazi no kwirinda porosity mu aluminium Alloy Die-Casting

Mu gihe c'umuvuduko muto Aluminium Alloy Gutera inganda, porosity ni umwicanyi yihishije ajana mu gutera ibisigazwa n’ugusenyuka kw’ibikorwa. Nibura, biragira ico bikoze ku gukingira ibintu no ku kuntu bisa, mu gihe mu bibi cane, bituma ubuhinga bukora nabi, bikaba bituma ata guca ku ruhande umuntu asubira gukora urutonde rw’ibintu kandi akabura amahera. Ku masosiyete akora ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none yibanda ku isoko mpuzamakungu, kugenzura neza ibirimwo gazi no gukuraho utunenge tw’amazi ni ngombwa kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gushitsa ingingo mfatirwako zikomeye zo mu Buraya, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubuyapani, na Koreya y’Epfo, kandi ni akarusho nyamukuru ko guhiganwa kugira ngo umuntu yizigire abaguzi b’abahinga no kuronka amategeko y’igihe kirekire. Iki kiganiro kizosuzuma mu buryo butunganye inyishu zo gucunga gazi mu mwaka w’2019. aluminium alloy gupfa-gucukura uhereye ku nzira zitatu: inkomoko za gazi, ubuhinga bwo kugenzura, n’ugupima no kugenzura, bikaba biha amashirahamwe inzira ngirakamaro yo gutuma uburyo bugenda neza.

I. Gutahura Imizi y’Ikibazo: Inkomoko zitatu z’ingenzi z’umuyagankuba mu gucukura ivyuma vy’aluminium

Kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gutorera umuti ikibazo c’ugusenyuka kw’amazi, birakenewe ko umuntu abanza kumenya ingene gazi ikora. Mu ntungamubiri zitwa aluminium zipfa-Uburyo bwo gutera, gazi ahanini ikomoka ku bintu bitatu nyamukuru: gushonga, gupfuka no gupfuka. Ubwoko bwa gazi n’urugero rw’ingaruka ku ntambwe imwe imwe biratandukanye cane.

Gufukura: Ivyuma vy’aluminium, ari vyo biva cane mu gazi y’isugi, birakorana bitagoranye n’umwuka w’ikirere n’umwotsi w’amazi mu gihe c’ugufukura (na cane cane iyo hakoreshejwe ibikoresho vya kera nk’amafuru ya coke n’amafuru ya gaze). Nk’akarorero, iyo aluminium iyunguruye n’umwotsi w’amazi bikoranye, bituma habaho ihydrogène (2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 6H3). Ugusenyuka kw’iyi hydrogène mu aluminium iyunguruye kuraduga cane uko ubushuhe bugenda burahinduka (kuva nko kuri 0,4ml/100g ku 700°C, kugabanuka cane gushika kuri 0,01ml/100g iyo ikonjeje ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba). Kudashobora kwirukana vuba ihydrogène birashobora gutuma habaho utunogo dutandukanye mu gitereko mu gihe c’ugukomera. Ikindi kandi, ukubora kw’ibinyabuzima (nk’ivyo bita chlorides na fluorides) be n’uguturika kw’ibisigazwa vy’amavuta biri ku ruhande rw’ibisigazwa vy’aluminium na vyo nyene birashobora gutuma haba imyuka itera ingorane nk’umuyagankuba n’azote.

Uburyo bwo gutera: "Igice gihambaye" c'Igihugu c'Umuyaga: Intambwe yo Gutera y'Igikoresho co GuteraGutera umukazo ni intambwe nyamukuru y’ukwinjira kwa gazi ya kabiri. Iyo icuma gishonze cuzuye umwobo w'ububiko ku muvuduko munini, umuvuduko ukabije wo gutera urushinge n'uguhingura nabi kw'umuyaga birashobora kubuza umuyaga gusohoka ningoga, bikajana mu "gufata umuyaga." Vyongeye, ibipfukisho vyasambutse be n’amavuta y’amazi asohoka mu gitereko c’amasasu na vyo nyene birashobora gutuma umuyaga winjira muri nya mwobo hamwe n’icuma gishongeshejwe, amaherezo bikagira utunogo tw’umuyaga twihariye mu mpome zikomeye no mu mfuruka z’aho bacukura.

Ivyuma n'Ibipfukisho: "Ibintu vyihishije" Bishobora kwirengagizwa Bitagoranye Ugukomera cane ku ruhande n'ibinogo vy'impwemu vyuzuye mu mwobo w'ibibumbano birashobora gutuma umuyaga udashobora gusohoka neza. Ivyo bipfukisho vy’ibibumbano vyumye neza (nk’ibintu biva mu mazi) birahinduka umwuka ningoga iyo hari ubushuhe bwinshi, bikaba bituma haba gaze nyinshi cane. Iyo izo gazi zidashobora gusohoka biciye mu nzira y’ugusohoka, zirashobora gutuma habaho utunogo canke utunogo two munsi y’urukoba ku ruhande rw’ivyuma, bikaba bigira ico bikoze ata guca ku ruhande ku mpera y’urukoba (nk’ugutera anodize n’ugutera imiti).

II. Gucungera neza: Inyishu zine z’ubuhinga zo gukuraho ivyuma vy’umuyaga ku isoko

Kugira ngo ivyo bikomoka kuri gazi bishobore gutorwa, hategerezwa gushirwaho uburyo bwo gucunga gazi bushitse biciye mu buryo bubiri bwo “kwirinda no kugenzura,” buhuza ugutuma uburyo bwo gukora bugenda neza, guhindura ibikoresho, no kugenzura ibikoresho. Ivyo bisubizo bine vy’ubuhinga bikurikira vyagaragaye ko bikora neza mu gisata kandi bishobora gukoreshwa ata guca ku ruhande mu guhingura ibintu vy’ukuri.

1. Intambwe yo gushonga: Gukuraho gazi idakora kugira ngo ugabanye ibiri muri Hydrogène
Iciyumviro c’ubuhinga: Argon (Ar) canke azote (N2) ni vyo bikoreshwa nk’ivyo gukuraho gazi. Gazi inert iterwa muri iyo aluminium iyunguruye mu buryo bw’utuvungukira dutoduto biciye ku nzira izunguruka. Uko ivyo bibumbano biduga, biranywa ivyuma vy’iyidrojeni biva muri iyo aluminiyumu iyunguruye (ubushobozi bw’iyidrojene bwo gusenyuka mu gazi idakora buraba buke cane kuruta ubw’iyitwa aluminium iyunguruye), amaherezo bikaja ku butaka hamwe n’ivyo bibumbano.
Ingingo z’ingenzi zikora: Gucungera ubusuku bwa gazi idakora (≥99,99%) kugira ngo ntihagire ubuhumane bwinjizwa; guhindura umuvuduko wo guhindukiza umutwe (300-500 rpm) n’urugero rw’uruja n’uruza rwa gazi (0,5-1,5 L/min) kugira ngo bimenyekane ko ibibumbano bigenda neza; kandi ureke iyo aluminium iyunguruye iruhuke iminota 10-15 inyuma yo gukuraho gaze kugira ngo ibibumbano vyose bisigaye biterere burundu. Ivyo bishobora gutuma ivyuma vy’iyidrojene biri muri iyo aluminium iyunguruye biguma munsi ya 0,15 ml/100 g (ivyo inganda zikoresha mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo hejuru).

2. Uburyo bwo gutera: Gutera mu mwuka + Ivyagezwe vyiza kugira ngo ntihagire umwuka winjira
Ubuhinga bwo gutera ibintu mu mwuka: Hagati y’umwobo w’ivyuma n’aho umuntu atera inshinge, hashirwaho ubuhinga bwo gukoresha mu mwuka. Imbere y’uko umuntu akora die-casting, iyo mwobo irafukurwa gushika munsi ya 50 mbar (ibikoresho bimwebimwe vy’agaciro kanini bishobora gushika ku 10 mbar). Ivyo bigabanya cane umuyaga wose uri mu mwobo kandi bikagabanya ingorane yo "gufatwa n'umuyaga." Ubu buhinga burabereye cane cane mu guhingura ibintu bisabwa cane gukingira (nk’ibihimba vy’amazi vy’imodoka n’inzu nshasha z’amabateri y’inguvu), bikagabanya uburemere bw’amazi n’ibice birenga 60%.
Injection Parameter Optimization: Uburyo bwo gutera inshinge bukoresheje "ugushiramwo umuvuduko muto - gutera umuvuduko munini" burakoreshwa. Mu gihe c’intango co kwuzuza (igihe icuma gishongesheje cinjira mu rugendo), umuvuduko w’urushinge ugenzurwa ku 0,3-0,5 m/s kugira ngo umuyaga ntugutere. Mu gihe c’ukwuzuza hagati n’igihe c’iherezo (igihe icuma gishongeshejwe cuzuye 80% vy’umwobo), umuvuduko wo gutera urushinge urushirizwa kugera kuri 0,8-1,2 m/s kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kubumbabumba vyihuta. Ikindi kandi, umuvuduko w’urushinge ugenzurwa ku 50-80 MPa kugira ngo wongere uburemere bw’icuma gishongeshejwe no guhagarika ibibumbano vyose bisigaye.

3. Igishushanyo c’Ibibumbano: Gutuma Uburyo bwo Gusohora Umwuka Utera imbere kugira ngo Ukoreshe neza Gazi
Ivyo Gusohora Impwemu: Wongereko imirongo y’impwemu ku bibanza bikorakoranya gazi, nk’iherezo, imfuruka be n’ibibanza vy’inkuta ndende vy’umwobo w’ububiko. Ubwaguke bw’umurongo w’impwemu bugenewe ni 3-5mm, uburebure ni 0.05-0.1mm (kugira ngo ivyuma bishonze ntibisendere). Ivyo binogo bikwiye gushika hanze y’ico gikoresho kugira ngo imyuka isohoke ata guca ku ruhande. Ku binogo bikomeye, ibintu bidasanzwe nk'"inshinge zo gusohora umwuka" n'"ibikoresho vyo gusohora umwuka" birashobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo umuyaga usohoke mu karere.
Ubushuhe bwo kugenzura ububiko: Koresha igikoresho co kugenzura ubushuhe bw'ububiko kugira ngo ugume ufise ubushuhe buhamye bwa 180-220°C (buhinduwe hakurikijwe urugero rw'ivyuma vy'aluminium) kugira ngo ukingire ubushuhe buke bw'ububiko bushobora gutuma icuma gikomeye vuba kandi kigahingura "imitego y'umuriro." Kumenya ko igipfukisho c’ububiko gipfukwa mu buryo bumwe kandi igihe co kwuma c’iminota 5 (ku 80-100°C) kugira ngo hakurweho imyuka iterwa n’uguhinduka kw’igipfukisho.

4. Ibikoresho n’Ibikoresho vy’Ifasha: Gucungera cane no kugabanya ukwinjira kw’imiyaga yihishije
Guhitamwo ibikoresho vya mbere: Guhitamwo ibikoresho vy’aluminium vy’isugi bifise ubusuku bwa ≥99.7%. Irinde gukoresha ibisigazwa vy’aluminium bifise amavuta menshi canke umugese. Iyo hakoreshejwe aluminium y’ibisigazwa, itegerezwa gukurwako amavuta (300-400°C) hanyuma igaterwa mu mfuruka kugira ngo ikuremwo umugese imbere y’uko ifungwa kugira ngo igabanye gazi iva mu gihe co gufungwa.
Guhitamwo ivyuma n’ivyo gupfuka: Koresha ivyuma bitagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, bitagira ubushobozi bwo guhinduka (nk’ivyuma bitagira sodium) kugira ngo ugabanye imyuka mibi iva ku kubora kw’ivyuma. Hitamwo ibintu biva mu mavuta canke bifise igice c’amazi (amazi arimwo ≤10%) kugira ngo ugabanye imyuka ihinduka umwuka. Sukura ubudasiba ibisigarira vy'irangi biva mu binogo vy'ububi kugira ngo ntibizibire.

III. Igerageza n’Igenzura: Uburyo bubiri bw’ingenzi bwo kumenya neza ko porosity igenzurwa

Kugenzura neza gazi bisaba uburyo bwo kugerageza neza. Biciye mu buryo bubiri bwo "kugerageza ibikorwa + kugenzura ibintu vyarangiye," turabona ko igice cose c'ibikoresho vy'ivyuma gihuye n'ingingo mfatirwako z'uburyo, tugatanga icizigiro c'uburyo gishobora gukurikirana ku baguzi bo kw'isi yose.

Gukurikirana mu gihe c'ibikorwa: Gukurikirana ibirimwo ivyuma vy'amazi ku rubuga: Shiraho "igikoresho co gupima ivyuma vy'amazi vy'amazi y'aluminium" (nk'akarorero, uburyo bwo gukuraho uburemere bw'amazi canke uburyo bwo gushongera gazi idakora) ku nzira y'ifuru y'ivyuma kugira ngo ukurikirane ivy'ivyuma vy'amazi mu aluminium ishonze mu gihe nyaco. Iyo ivyimburwa vy’iyi hydrogène birenze urugero (>0.2ml/100g), gusuka bica bihagarara, hanyuma gusubira gukuraho gazi. Ubwo buryo burashobora kwirinda gukuraho ibice kubera ibibazo vy’uburyo bw’aluminium iyunguruye no kugabanya igiciro co gukora.

Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa vyarangije: Igerageza ritashobora gusenyura + Isesengura ry'ivyuma
Igerageza ridashobora gusenyura (NDT): Igerageza ry’imishwarara ya X RT n’igerageza ry’amajwi y’imbere (UT) rikoreshwa mu kumenya utunogo two mu mutima mu bikoresho vy’ivyuma. Ku bihimba bihambaye bishikirwa n’umuvuduko munini (nk’inzu z’ibikoresho vy’imodoka), umurongo w’ibihengeri vyo mu mutima utegerezwa kuba ≤0.5mm kandi umubare w’ibihengeri utegerezwa kuba ≤1 kuri sentimetero kare. Igerageza ry’ivyuma bishobora kwinjira mu mubiri (PT) rikoreshwa mu kugenzura aho umuntu atera ivyuma kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ata myobo iboneka.

Isesengura ry’ivyuma: Gufata ivyerekanwa vy’ibintu vyarangije gucukurwa, gutegura ivyerekanwa vy’ivyuma, no kwihweza ukuntu ivyuma vy’amazi bigabanywa mu gice c’ivyuma bikoresheje igikoresho citwa microscope. Ivyuma bicuzwe vy’agaciro kanini bikwiye kuba bifise uburemere buke bw’amazi ≤1% kandi ntibibe bifise uburemere buke cane, bikaba bituma imiterere y’ubuhinga (nk’ubukomezi bwo gukomera n’ugukura) ihuye n’ingingo mfatirwako mpuzamakungu (nk’akarorero, ASTM B179 na EN 1706).

IV. Gutahura Agaciro: Ni gute Gucungera Gaz Bifasha Amashirahamwe Gutsinda Amategeko Mpuzamakungu?

Ku masosiyete akora ibikoresho vyo gucukura ibintu hanze, ukugenzura neza gazi ntituma gusa uburemere bw’ibicuruzwa butera imbere ariko kandi biratuma habaho uguhiganwa kw’isoko, bikakwegera ivyiyumviro n’ibibazo vy’abaguzi b’abahinga bo kw’isi yose (nk’abahinguzi b’ibihimba vy’imodoka, amashirahamwe y’ibikoresho vy’ubuvuzi, n’abagurisha ivy’indege).

Kugabanya ibiciro no gutuma ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa butera imbere: Mu kugabanya igitigiri c’ibikoresho biva mu bikoresho biva ku gusenyuka (kuva kuri 15% gushika munsi ya 5%), ibiciro vyo gusubira gukora n’ingorane zo guteba gutanga ibicuruzwa biragabanywa, bikaba bihuye n’ibisabwa nyamukuru vy’abaguzi mpuzamakungu kugira ngo “bishikirizwe ku gihe kandi ntihagire amakosa.”

Guca mu nzitizi z’ubuhinga no kwinjira mw’isoko ry’ibintu vy’agaciro kanini: Abaguzi bo mu Buraya, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu Buyapani no muri Koreya y’Epfo barafise ibisabwa bikomeye ku bijanye n’uburemere bw’ibintu bikoreshwa mu gutera imodoka (nk’akarorero, abahinguzi b’imodoka bo mu Budagi basaba ko umuntu ashobora guca 100% kugira ngo asuzumwe n’imishwarara ya X). Amashirahamwe azi neza ubuhinga bwo kugenzura gazi nyamukuru arashobora gutsinda izo nzitizi z’ubuhinga maze akinjira mu bijanye n’ugutanga ibikoresho vy’agaciro kanini.
Kubaka ukwizigirana no guteza imbere ubufatanye bw’igihe kirekire: Guha abaguzi "raporo y’igerageza ry’ibirimwo amazi y’aluminium + raporo y’igerageza ry’ibicuruzwa bimaze gusenyuka" bigenzura uburyo bw’ibicuruzwa, bikomeza ukwizigirana kw’abaguzi, kandi bishinga umushinge w’amategeko y’umubare akurikiraho n’ubufatanye bw’igihe kirekire.