Kuponyera kwa Aluminiyamu alloy kuthamanga kwambiri

1. Chidule cha kuponyera kwa aluminiyamu yolumikizidwa ndi kuthamanga kwamphamvu

1.1 Tanthauzo ndi mfundo

Kupopera kwa aluminiyamu ndi njira yapamwamba yopangira zitsulo. Aluminiyamu yamadzimadzi imalowetsedwa mwachangu m'chidebe cha nkhungu pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu ndikulimba pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu kuti ipezeke. Aluminiyamu aloyi kuponyeras yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe ovuta. Cholinga chachikulu cha njirayi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kudzaza mwachangu kuti aluminiyamu ikhale yolimba pakapita nthawi yochepa, potero imapanga kupanga kolondola kwambiri komanso kolimba kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a kuthamanga kwambiri: Mu aloyi ya aluminiyamu, kuthamanga kwambiri Njira Yoponyera, kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 80-200 MPa. Malo opanikizika kwambiri awa amatha kuchepetsa bwino ma pores ndi zolakwika zomwe zili mkati mwa choponyera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya choponyera. Mwachitsanzo, poyerekeza ndi choponyera chachikhalidwe chotsika, mphamvu yokoka ya zoponyera za aluminiyamu zopangidwa ndi choponyera champhamvu imatha kuwonjezeka ndi 20%-30%, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kuwonjezeka ndi 10%-20%.

Kudzaza mwachangu: Aloyi ya aluminiyamu yamadzimadzi imalowa m'bowo la nkhungu pa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 10-100 m/s) pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu, ndikudzaza mwachangu ngodya iliyonse ya bowo kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa mawonekedwe ndi kukhazikika kwa gawo la kuponyera. Kudzaza mwachangu kungachepetsenso kukhuthala ndi kutseka kozizira kwa chitsulo chosungunuka m'bowo, ndikupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa kuponyera.

Njira yolimba: Pakapanikizika kwambiri, zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu zimalimba mofulumira ndipo zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zopangidwazo zikhale ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kuti zisawonongeke. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa ma microns 10-50, komwe kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono topangidwa ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopangira zinthu (nthawi zambiri ma microns 100-200).

Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga magalimoto, ndege, ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri kuti zipangidwe bwino komanso molondola. Mwachitsanzo, popanga magalimoto, kupangidwa kwa aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zofunika monga ma block a injini ndi ma transmission housings, zomwe sizimangochepetsa kulemera kwa zinthuzo, komanso zimawonjezera mphamvu zawo zamakaniko komanso kudalirika.

2. Kuyenda kwa Njira

2.1 Kusungunula Zitsulo

Kusungunula zitsulo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito popanga aluminiyamu ndi chinthu choyamba chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli ndipo chimakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa chinthu chomaliza chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu.

Zipangizo Zosungunulira: Furnace ya Crucible kapena induction furnace nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito posungunulira aluminiyamu. Furnace ya Crucible ndi yoyenera kupanga zinthu zazing'ono, ndipo kulondola kwake kowongolera kutentha kwa kusungunulira ndi kochepa, koma mtengo wa zida ndi wotsika; induction furnace ili ndi ubwino wa liwiro losungunuka mwachangu, kuwongolera kutentha molondola, kapangidwe ka alloy kofanana, ndi zina zotero, zomwe ndizoyenera kupanga kwakukulu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kufanana kwa alloy ya aluminiyamu yosungunuka ndi induction furnace kumatha kukwezedwa ndi 30%, ndipo mphamvu yosungunulira imatha kukwezedwa ndi 25%.

Kusankha Zinthu Zopangira: Ndikofunikira kwambiri kusankha zinthu zopangira aluminiyamu zapamwamba kwambiri. Kuyera kwa zinthu zopangira kumakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zopangira aluminiyamu zokhala ndi chiyero chapamwamba zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zisawonongeke kwambiri panthawi yosungunuka, zomwe zimachepetsa zolakwika mkati mwa zinthu zopangira. Nthawi zambiri, kuyera kwa zinthu zopangira aluminiyamu kumafunika kuti kusakhale kochepera 99.5%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosafunika kumayendetsedwa mkati mwa 0.5%. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera zinthu zoyenera zopangira aluminiyamu (monga silicon, mkuwa, magnesium, ndi zina zotero) kumatha kusintha mawonekedwe a zinthu zopangira aluminiyamu, monga mphamvu ndi kulimba. Potengera Al-Si alloy mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchuluka kwa silicon kuli 10%-13%, zinthu zopangira zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yopangira zinthu komanso kukana kukalamba.

Kuwongolera njira yosungunula: Kutentha ndi nthawi ziyenera kulamulidwa mosamala panthawi yosungunula. Kutentha kwa aluminiyamu yosungunuka nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 700-750℃. Kutentha kwambiri kumayambitsa kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa aluminiyamu ndikupanga kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu oxide; kutentha kochepa kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti kusungunuka kwa aluminiyamu kukhale koipa, zomwe zimakhudza njira yodzazira pambuyo pake. Nthawi yosungunuka nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa pa maola 1-2. Nthawi yayitali yosungunuka idzasintha kapangidwe ka alloy ndikukhudza magwiridwe antchito a kusungunula. Mwa kuwongolera molondola magawo osungunula, kuchuluka kwa kutayika kwa oxidation kwa alloy yosungunuka kumatha kuchepetsedwa bwino mpaka pansi pa 1%, ndipo kuchuluka koyenerera kwa kusungunula kumatha kusinthidwa.

2.2 Kukonzekera nkhungu ndi kupopera

Chikombole ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kuponyera kwa aluminiyamu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Kukonzekera kwake ndi ubwino wake zimakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa pamwamba ndi kulondola kwa kuponyera.

Kusankha zinthu za nkhungu: Zinthu za nkhungu ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuuma kwambiri, kutentha bwino komanso kukana kutentha. Zinthu za nkhungu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi chitsulo chotentha (monga chitsulo cha H13) ndi carbide yolimba. Chitsulo cha H13 chili ndi makhalidwe abwino, kuuma kumatha kufika 50-55 HRC, kutentha kwambiri, ndipo kumatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu panthawi yopopera. Zinthu za Carbide zimakhala ndi kuuma kwambiri komanso kukana kuvala, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zovuta komanso zofunikira kwambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuuma kwa pamwamba pa zinthu zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachitsulo za H13 kumatha kufika Ra0.8-1.6μm, ndipo kulondola kwa miyeso kumatha kulamulidwa mkati mwa ± 0.1mm.

Kapangidwe ka nkhungu ndi kupanga: Kapangidwe ka nkhungu kayenera kuganizira zinthu monga mawonekedwe, kukula, ndi makulidwe a khoma la chopopera kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitsulo chosungunukacho chikhoza kudzazidwa bwino ndikulimba. Kukhwima kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu kumafunika kukhala kokwera, nthawi zambiri Ra0.4-0.8μm, kuti muchepetse kumamatira pamwamba pa chopoperacho. Kapangidwe ka makina ozizira a nkhungu nakonso n'kofunika kwambiri. Pokonza bwino njira yozizira yamadzi, liwiro lolimba la chopoperacho likhoza kulamulidwa bwino ndipo ubwino wa chopoperacho ukhoza kukonzedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhungu ya silinda ya injini, kapangidwe ka njira yozizira yamadzi kumatha kufupikitsa nthawi yolimba ya chopoperacho ndi 20%-30% ndikuchepetsa ming'alu ya kutentha mkati mwa chopoperacho.

Kupopera nkhungu: Kupopera wosanjikiza wa chotulutsira nkhungu pamwamba pa nkhungu ndi gawo lofunikira pakupopera kwamphamvu kwa aloyi ya aluminiyamu. Ntchito ya chotulutsira nkhungu ndikuletsa kuti chotulutsira chisamamatire ku nkhungu ndikuchepetsa zolakwika pamwamba pa chotulutsira nkhungu. Zotulutsira nkhungu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zotulutsira nkhungu zochokera m'madzi ndi zotulutsira nkhungu zochokera m'mafuta. Zotulutsira nkhungu zochokera m'madzi zili ndi ubwino woteteza chilengedwe komanso mtengo wotsika, koma zimasanduka nthunzi mwachangu ndipo zimafunika kupopera nthunzi pafupipafupi; zotulutsira nkhungu zochokera m'mafuta zimakhala ndi mafuta abwino komanso zolimba, ndipo zimatha kusunga mphamvu yochotsa nkhungu pamwamba pa nkhungu kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu pambuyo popopera nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa pa 200-250℃ kuti zitsimikizire kuti chotulutsira nkhungu chigawidwe mofanana ndikupanga wosanjikiza wothandiza. Kudzera mu njira yoyenera yopopera, kuchuluka kwa kupambana kwa chotulutsira nkhungu kumatha kukwera kufika pa 98%.

2.3 Kudzaza ndi kulimbitsa chitsulo

Kudzaza ndi kulimbitsa zitsulo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuponya zinthu mopupuluma, zomwe zimatsimikiza ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a kuponyako.

Njira Yodzazira: Pakupanikizika kwambiri, aluminiyamu yamadzimadzi imalowa m'chibowo cha nkhungu pa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri (10-100 m/s). Kulamulira liwiro lodzaza ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwambiri kodzaza kungayambitse kuti chitsulo chosungunuka chizime, kupanga ma pores ndi ma oxide inclusions; kuthamanga pang'onopang'ono kodzaza kumapangitsa kuti chitsulo chosungunuka chizizire mofulumira kwambiri m'chibowocho ndikulephera kudzaza kwathunthu m'chibowocho. Ukadaulo wowongolera liwiro lodzaza nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Liwiro locheperako (10-20 m/s) limagwiritsidwa ntchito pachiyambi kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa chitsulo chosungunuka; liwiro limawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono (40-60 m/s) pakatikati kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitsulo chosungunuka chizitha kudzaza m'chibowocho mwachangu; liwiro limachepetsedwa pachiyambi chomaliza (20-30 m/s) kuti chitsulo chosungunuka chizitha kudzaza bwino ngodya iliyonse ya m'chibowocho. Kudzera mu liwiro lodzaza m'magawo ambiri, kufalikira kwa kuponyera kumatha kuchepetsedwa kufika pa 2%.

Njira Yolimbitsira: Aluminiyamu yolimba imalimba pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu m'chibowo cha nkhungu, ndi liwiro lolimba mofulumira komanso kukula kochepa kwa tirigu (10-50 microns). Kulimba kwamphamvu kwambiri kumatha kuchepetsa bwino kuchepa ndi zolakwika za kuchepa mkati mwa chopondera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya chopondera. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yokoka ya zopondera za aluminiyamu zopangidwa ndi chopondera champhamvu imatha kufika 250-300 MPa, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 5%-10%, komwe ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa zopondera zopangidwa ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopondera. Panthawi yolimbitsa, njira yozizira ya nkhungu imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mwa kuwongolera moyenera liwiro lozizira, kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ndi magwiridwe antchito a chopondera zitha kukonzedwanso. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woziziritsa wogawika, choyamba kuziziritsa mofulumira pamwamba pa chopondera kenako ndikuziziritsa pang'onopang'ono mkati, kungapangitse kukula kwa choponderacho kugawidwa mofanana ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito onse a choponderacho.

Kuwongolera zolakwika: Pa nthawi yodzaza ndi kulimbitsa, zolakwika zomwe zili mkati mwa choponyera ziyenera kulamulidwa mosamala. Zolakwika zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo ma pores, kufupika, kutseka kozizira, ndi zina zotero. Kupindika kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mpweya wosungunuka womwe umalowa mu chitsulo panthawi yodzaza kapena mpweya woipa wa nkhungu. Mwa kukonza kapangidwe ka nkhungu ndikuwonjezera njira yotulutsira utsi, kupanga ma pores kumatha kuchepetsedwa bwino. Kufupika ndi mabowo ofupika kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa voliyumu ya chitsulo chosungunuka panthawi yolimbitsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yopangira ma gating system ndi ukadaulo wodyetsa wocheperako, monga kukhazikitsa zokweza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotsatizana wolimbitsa, kungachepetse bwino kuchepa ndi kufupika kwa zolakwika. Kutsekedwa kozizira kumachitika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kapena kuyenda kosalekeza kwa chitsulo chosungunuka panthawi yodzaza. Kutsekedwa kozizira kumatha kuchepetsedwa powonjezera liwiro lodzaza ndikukonza kufalikira kwa kutentha kwa nkhungu. Mwa kuwongolera kwathunthu zolakwika izi, kuchuluka koyenerera kwa zoponyera kumatha kuwonjezeredwa mpaka kupitirira 95%.

3. Makhalidwe aukadaulo

3.1 Ubwino

Ukadaulo wopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri uli ndi ubwino wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wotchuka kwambiri popanga zinthu zamakono.

Kupanga bwino kwambiri: Kuponya kwa aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kumatha kudzaza ndi kulimbitsa mwachangu, ndipo kumakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yopangira. Kuyambira kudzaza chitsulo chosungunuka mpaka kulimbitsa, njira yonseyi imatenga masekondi ochepa mpaka masekondi makumi. Mwachitsanzo, popanga zida zazing'ono zamagalimoto zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu zomwe zingapangidwe pa ola limodzi kumatha kufika 200-300. Poyerekeza ndi njira yachikhalidwe yopangira mchenga, mphamvu yopangira imawonjezeka ndi nthawi 5-10, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zazikulu zamagalimoto ndi mafakitale ena.

Ubwino wa pamwamba: Pamwamba pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi njirayi ndi yosalala komanso yosalala, yokhala ndi kusakhazikika pang'ono pamwamba. Chifukwa chitsulo chosungunuka chimadzaza nkhungu mwachangu pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu, chimatha kubwereza bwino mawonekedwe ndi tsatanetsatane wa pamwamba pa nkhungu. Kawirikawiri, kusakhazikika kwa pamwamba pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nkhungu kumatha kufika pa Ra0.4-1.6μm, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe a zinthu zambiri popanda kukonza zina pamwamba. Pakupanga zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala ndi zofunikira zapamwamba pamwamba, zinthu zopangidwa ndi mphamvu yapamwamba zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pake, kuchepetsa njira zogwirira ntchito ndi ndalama zogulira.

Kulondola kwa miyeso: Kuponya kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi kumatha kuwongolera molondola kulondola kwa miyeso ya zinthu zoponyedwa. Kupanga molunjika kwa nkhungu komanso kudzaza mwachangu chitsulo chosungunuka panthawi yodzaza ndi mphamvu zambiri kumapangitsa kuti kusiyana kwa miyeso ya zinthu zoponyedwa kukhale kochepa kwambiri. Kulondola kwa miyeso kumatha kulamulidwa mkati mwa ± 0.1mm, ndipo ngakhale popanga zida zina zolondola kwambiri zamlengalenga, kulondola kumatha kufika pamlingo wapamwamba. Izi zimachepetsa ntchito yopangira makina pambuyo pake, zimathandizira kuti ntchito yopangira ikhale yogwira mtima komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, komanso zimachepetsa ndalama zopangira.

Kutha kupanga zinthu zopanga mawonekedwe ovuta: Njirayi imatha kupanga zinthu zopanga mawonekedwe ovuta komanso opyapyala. Popeza chitsulo chosungunuka chimatha kudzaza mwachangu ngodya iliyonse ya bowo la nkhungu pansi pa mphamvu yayikulu, ngakhale zinthu zovuta kwambiri, monga njira yolowera ndi njira yozizira yamadzi a injini ya galimoto, zimatha kupangidwa molondola. Izi zimapereka ufulu waukulu pakupanga zinthu, zomwe zimathandiza opanga kupanga zinthu zopepuka komanso zogwira ntchito bwino kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za opanga amakono pazinthu zovuta.

Mphamvu yayikulu komanso makhalidwe abwino a makina: Pa nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yayikulu, chitsulo chosungunuka chimalimba pansi pa mphamvu yayikulu, kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kochepa, ndipo chogwiritsidwa ntchitocho chili ndi zolakwika zochepa mkati, kotero chimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso makhalidwe abwino a makina. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yokoka ya zogwiritsidwa ntchito za aluminiyamu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri imatha kufika 250-300 MPa, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 5%-10%. Poyerekeza ndi zogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira zachikhalidwe zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, mphamvu ndi kulimba kwake zimawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti zogwiritsidwa ntchito zipirire katundu wambiri komanso kupsinjika, kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mphamvu yayikulu komanso kudalirika kwa ziwalo zamagalimoto, ndege ndi zina.

3.2 Zoyipa

Ngakhale kuti kuponyera kwa aluminiyamu kokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuli ndi ubwino wambiri, palinso zovuta zina zosapeŵeka.

Vuto la ma pores amkati: Panthawi yodzaza chitsulo chosungunuka, mpweya umakokedwa mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma pores alowe mkati mwa choyikamo. Ngakhale kuti kupanga ma pores kumatha kuchepetsedwa mwa kukonza kapangidwe ka nkhungu ndikuwongolera liwiro la kudzaza, zimakhala zovuta kupewa ma pores kwathunthu. Kupezeka kwa ma pores kudzachepetsa mphamvu ndi kukana dzimbiri kwa choyikamo, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wa ntchito ya choyikamo. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma castings ena omwe ali ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kapena kupsinjika kwakukulu, ma pores amatha kukhala chiyambi cha ming'alu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti choyikamocho chilephereke msanga.

Zoletsa pa kutentha: Pali zoletsa zina pamene kutentha kumachitidwa pa aluminiyamu yothira mafuta opopera mphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa kupsinjika kotsala mkati mwa chothira mafuta, chothira mafutacho chingawonongeke kapena kusweka panthawi ya kutentha. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka aloyi ndi kapangidwe kake ka aloyi ena othira mafuta opopera mphamvu kwambiri zingasinthe panthawi ya kutentha, zomwe zimakhudza momwe chothira mafutacho chimagwirira ntchito. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kofunikira kusankha mosamala njira yothira mafuta ndi magawo pamene kutentha kukufunika kuti kuwonjezere magwiridwe antchito a chothira mafutacho, ndikuwonjezera zovuta komanso mtengo wa njira yopangira.

Mtengo wokwera wa nkhungu: Kuponya kwa aluminiyamu ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuuma kwambiri, komanso zipangizo zabwino zotetezera kutentha, monga chitsulo cha H13 kapena carbide yopangidwa ndi simenti. Zofunikira pakupanga nkhungu molondola ndizokwera ndipo zovuta zokonza nkhungu ndizokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri za nkhungu. Mtengo wa seti yovuta ya nkhungu zopopera za injini ya galimoto zimatha kufika mazana masauzande kapena mamiliyoni a yuan. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito nkhunguyo imakhala yochepa. Pambuyo popanga kuchuluka kwa nkhungu, imafunika kukonzedwa kapena kusinthidwa, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zopangira ndi kuzungulira kopanga.

Kuyika ndalama zambiri pazipangizo: Kuyika zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi ya aluminiyamu kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zaukadaulo zoyika zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi, kuphatikizapo makina ojambulira pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi, makina otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa nkhungu, komanso makina owongolera okha. Zipangizozi ndi zodula ndipo zimakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zogulira. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa makina ojambulira pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi apakatikati ungafikire mamiliyoni a yuan, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti bizinesiyo ifunikire ndalama zambiri komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono.

Zofunikira kwambiri pa zipangizo zopangira ndi njira: Kuponyera kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kumakhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa kuyera ndi ubwino wa zipangizo zopangira. Kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa mu zipangizo zopangira kudzakhudza ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a zoponyera. Nthawi yomweyo, njira yonse iyenera kuyendetsedwa bwino, kuphatikizapo magawo monga kutentha kosungunuka, liwiro lodzaza, kutentha kwa nkhungu, liwiro lozizira, ndi zina zotero. Mavuto aliwonse omwe ali mu ulalo uliwonse angayambitse zolakwika pakuponyera. Izi zimawonjezera zovuta za njira yopangira ndi zofunikira pamlingo waukadaulo wa ogwira ntchito, ndipo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lalikulu pamlingo woyendetsera ntchito yopangira.

4. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza

4.1 Magawo a njira (kupanikizika, liwiro, kutentha, ndi zina zotero)

Ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a aluminiyamu alloy high pressure casting zimakhudzidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira, zomwe pakati pa kupanikizika, liwiro ndi kutentha ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Kupanikizika: Kupanikizika ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupopera kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu. Nthawi zambiri, kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwa kupopera kumakhala pakati pa 80-200 MPa. Kupanikizika kwakukulu kumatha kuchepetsa bwino ma pores ndi zolakwika za kufupika mkati mwa kupopera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya kupopera. Mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kukakwera kuchokera pa 80 MPa mpaka 150 MPa, mphamvu yokoka ya kupopera ikhoza kuwonjezeka ndi 15%-20%, ndipo porosity ikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 30%. Kuphatikiza apo, malo opopera kwambiri amathanso kulimbikitsa kudzazidwa mwachangu kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa mawonekedwe ndi kukhazikika kwa kupopera.

Liwiro: Liwiro lodzaza ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza ubwino wa chopopera. Aloyi ya aluminiyamu yamadzimadzi imalowa m'chibowo cha nkhungu pa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri (10-100 m/s) pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu. Kulamulira liwiro lodzaza ndikofunikira kwambiri. Liwiro lodzaza mofulumira kwambiri lingayambitse chitsulo chosungunuka kutsanulira, kupanga ma pores ndi ma oxide inclusions; liwiro lodzaza pang'onopang'ono kwambiri limapangitsa chitsulo chosungunuka kuzizira mofulumira kwambiri m'chibowocho ndikulephera kudzaza kwathunthu chibowocho. Ukadaulo wowongolera liwiro lodzaza magawo ambiri nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi liwiro lotsika (10-20 m/s) mu gawo loyambirira, liwiro lowonjezeka pang'onopang'ono (40-60 m/s) mu gawo lapakati, ndi liwiro lochepetsedwa (20-30 m/s) mu gawo lomaliza. Kudzera mu liwiro lodzaza magawo ambiri, ma porosity a chopopera amatha kuchepetsedwa kufika pa 2%.

Kutentha: Kulamulira kutentha kumadutsa mu ndondomeko yonse yopangira aluminiyamu yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kutentha kosungunuka nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 700-750℃. Kutentha kwambiri kumayambitsa kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa aluminiyamu ndikupanga kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu oxide; kutentha kotsika kwambiri kumawononga kusuntha kwa aluminiyamu ndikukhudza njira yotsatira yodzaza. Kutentha kwa nkhungu kuyeneranso kulamulidwa mosamala, nthawi zambiri pakati pa 200-250℃, kuti zitsimikizire kuti chotulutsiracho chigawidwe mofanana ndikupanga gawo lothandiza lodzipatula. Mwa kuwongolera bwino kutentha, kuchuluka kwa kutayika kwa kukhuthala kwa aluminiyamu kumatha kuchepetsedwa bwino mpaka pansi pa 1%, ndipo kuchuluka koyenerera kwa kuponyera kumatha kukwezedwa.

4.2 Kapangidwe ka nkhungu ndi zipangizo zake

Chifanizirochi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zopopera ndi aloyi ya aluminiyamu. Kapangidwe kake ndi kusankha zinthu zake zimakhudza kwambiri ubwino ndi kupanga bwino kwa zinthu zopopera.

Kapangidwe ka nkhungu: Kapangidwe ka nkhungu kayenera kuganizira zinthu monga mawonekedwe, kukula, ndi makulidwe a khoma la chopopera kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitsulo chosungunukacho chikhoza kudzazidwa bwino ndikulimba. Kukhwima kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu kumafunika kukhala kokwera, nthawi zambiri Ra0.4-0.8μm, kuti kuchepetse kumamatira pamwamba pa chopoperacho. Kapangidwe ka makina oziziritsira nkhungu nakonso n'kofunika kwambiri. Pokonza bwino njira yozizira yamadzi, liwiro lolimba la chopoperacho likhoza kulamulidwa bwino ndipo ubwino wa chopoperacho ukhoza kukonzedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhungu ya silinda ya injini, kapangidwe ka njira yozizira yamadzi kumatha kufupikitsa nthawi yolimba ya chopoperacho ndi 20%-30% ndikuchepetsa ming'alu ya kutentha mkati mwa chopoperacho.

Zipangizo za nkhungu: Zipangizo za nkhungu ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuuma kwambiri, kutentha bwino komanso kukana kutentha. Zipangizo za nkhungu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi chitsulo chotentha (monga chitsulo cha H13) ndi carbide yolimba. Chitsulo cha H13 chili ndi makhalidwe abwino, kuuma kumatha kufika 50-55 HRC, kutentha kwambiri, ndipo kumatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu panthawi yopopera. Zipangizo za carbide zimakhala ndi kuuma kwambiri komanso kukana kuvala, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zopopera zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso zofunikira kwambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuuma kwa pamwamba pa zinthu zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo za H13 kumatha kufika Ra0.8-1.6μm, ndipo kulondola kwa miyeso kumatha kulamulidwa mkati mwa ± 0.1mm.

5. Madera ogwiritsira ntchito

5.1 Makampani a magalimoto (zida za injini, mawilo, ndi zina zotero)

Kuponyera kwa aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga magalimoto, makamaka popanga zida za injini ndi mawilo, komwe ubwino wake ndi waukulu.

Zigawo za injini: Zigawo zofunika monga masilinda a injini ndi ma transmission housings ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi alloy ...

Chipinda cha mawilo: Chipinda cha mawilo cha aluminiyamu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kupepuka kwa magalimoto. Ukadaulo wopangira mawilo opanikizika kwambiri ungapange mawilo okhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso miyeso yeniyeni. Ubwino wake pamwamba ndi wapamwamba ndipo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji popanda kukonza kwina. Kuphatikiza apo, kukana dzimbiri ndi kukana kuwonongeka kwa mawilo a aluminiyamu opanikizika kwambiri ndizobwino kuposa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopangira mawilo. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, nthawi yogwira ntchito ya mawilo opangidwa ndi chipinda cha aluminiyamu chopanikizika kwambiri imatha kukulitsidwa ndi 30%-50%, pomwe kuchepetsa kukana kwa galimotoyo ndikukweza ndalama zosungira mafuta.

5.2 Zinthu zamagetsi (nyumba, zida, ndi zina zotero)

Pakupanga zinthu zamagetsi, kuponyera kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu kumakhalanso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri, makamaka popanga zitseko ndi zida.

Chipolopolo: Chipolopolo cha zinthu zamagetsi chiyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, kulondola kwa magawo, komanso magwiridwe antchito oteteza maginito. Kuponyera kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu kungapangitse zipolopolo zosalala komanso zolondola zokhala ndi kuuma kwa pamwamba kwa Ra0.4-1.6μm, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira popanda kukonza zina pamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, magwiridwe antchito oteteza maginito a aluminiyamu ndi abwino kuposa a zipangizo zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimatha kuteteza bwino zida zamagetsi ku kusokonezedwa ndi maginito. Mwachitsanzo, wopanga mafoni amagwiritsa ntchito kuponyera kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu kuti apange chipolopolo cha foni yam'manja chokhala ndi makulidwe a 1.5 mm okha, zomwe zimachepetsa kulemera ndi 15%, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho motsutsana ndi kugwa komanso mphamvu yoteteza maginito.

Zigawo: Zigawo zamkati mwa zinthu zamagetsi zili ndi zofunikira kwambiri kuti zikhale zolondola komanso zodalirika. Kupangidwa kwa aluminiyamu yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kumatha kupanga zinthu zooneka ngati zovuta komanso zopyapyala zokhala ndi makoma olondola mkati mwa ± 0.1mm, ndipo ngakhale pazinthu zina zolondola kwambiri, kulondola kumatha kufika pamlingo wapamwamba. Zigawozi sizingokwaniritsa zofunikira zogwirira ntchito zamagetsi zokha, komanso zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zopepuka komanso zazing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, m'makompyuta apakompyuta, kulemera kwa ma radiator, mabulaketi ndi zina zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kumachepetsedwa ndi 20%, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a kutentha amawongoleredwa ndi 15%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito komanso zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito ziwongolerozo ziwongoleredwe.

6. Zochitika pa Chitukuko

6.1 Kupangidwa kwa Ukadaulo (monga Vacuum Die Casting)

Ukadaulo wopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi ya aluminiyamu ukupita patsogolo nthawi zonse kuti ukhale wolondola kwambiri, wabwino kwambiri komanso woteteza chilengedwe, ndipo luso lamakono ndiye mphamvu yaikulu yopangira zinthuzi.

Ukadaulo wopangira ma die-casting: Kupangira ma die-casting ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yopangira ma alloy alloy high-pressure casting. Ukadaulo uwu umachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu chitsulo chosungunuka mwa kupukuta ma vacuum panthawi yodzaza, motero umachepetsa bwino ma porosity mkati mwa kupukuta. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupukuta ma die-casting kungachepetse ma porosity a ma castings kufika pa 1%, kuwonjezera mphamvu yokoka ndi 10%-15%, ndikuwonjezera kutalika ndi 5%-8%. Mwachitsanzo, block ya silinda ya injini yopangidwa ndi wopanga zida zamagalimoto wina pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopangira ma die-casting wawonjezera mphamvu zake komanso kudalirika kwake, kukwaniritsa zosowa za injini zamagalimoto zogwira ntchito bwino.

Ukadaulo wopangira ma die-solid: Kupangira ma die-solid ndi njira yatsopano yopangira ma alloy a aluminiyamu. Mfundo yake ndikutentha alloy ya aluminiyamu kukhala semi-solid kenako ndikudzaza nkhungu pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu. Poyerekeza ndi kupangira kwachikhalidwe kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kupangira ma die-solid kumatha kuchepetsa okosijeni ndi kuphatikiza kwa chitsulo chosungunuka ndikukweza ubwino wa pamwamba ndi khalidwe lamkati la kupangira. Ma castings opangidwa ndi kupangira ma die-solid ali ndi kukula kochepa, mawonekedwe abwino a makina komanso kulondola kwakukulu. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wopangira ma die-solid wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege, magalimoto ndi madera ena, ndipo gawo lake pamsika likuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono.

Ukadaulo wanzeru komanso wodziyimira pawokha: Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa Industry 4.0, mulingo wa nzeru ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi kupopera kwamphamvu kwa aluminiyamu ukupitirirabe kukula. Mwa kuyambitsa ukadaulo wapamwamba wa masensa, machitidwe owongolera okha ndi kusanthula kwakukulu kwa deta, kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ndi kuwongolera molondola njira yopangira zinthu kumatha kuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, makina owongolera anzeru amatha kusintha okha kuthamanga kwa kuponya ndi kutentha kwa nkhungu malinga ndi magawo monga kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi liwiro lodzaza kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwa kuponya. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wanzeru sikungowonjezera magwiridwe antchito opangira, komanso kumachepetsa ndalama zopangira ndi mitengo yolakwika.

6.2 Zofunikira pa msika ndi kuteteza chilengedwe

Kupanga kwa aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu kumayendetsedwa ndi kufunikira kwa msika komanso zofunikira pa kuteteza chilengedwe. Mabizinesi ayenera kuyankha mwachangu mavuto azachilengedwe pamene akukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa msika.

Kufunika kwa Msika: Chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa mafakitale monga magalimoto, ndege, ndi zamagetsi, kufunikira kwa zida zoyeretsera zamagetsi za aluminiyamu kukupitirira kukula. Makampani opanga magalimoto akufunikira kwambiri zida zopepuka komanso zogwira ntchito bwino, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyeretsera zamagetsi za aluminiyamu m'zigawo za injini zamagalimoto, mawilo, ziwalo za thupi ndi madera ena kukukulirakulira nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kukula kwa msika wa zida zoyeretsera zamagetsi za aluminiyamu kudzakula pamlingo wapakati pa 10% pachaka m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi. Kuphatikiza apo, chizolowezi cha miniaturization ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba azinthu zamagetsi chalimbikitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa aluminiyamu m'munda uno, ndipo chiyembekezo cha kufunikira kwa msika ndi chachikulu.

Zofunikira pa kuteteza chilengedwe: Pansi pa mfundo zolimba zoteteza chilengedwe, makampani opanga zinthu zotayira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu alloy akukumana ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa kuteteza chilengedwe. Kumbali imodzi, makampani amafunika kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mpweya woipa popanga zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, zipangizo zosungunulira zinthu zosunga mphamvu ndi makina ozizira bwino zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu; mwa kukonza njira zoyendetsera ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotulutsa zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe, mpweya wotayira ndi zinyalala zitha kuchepetsedwa. Kumbali ina, makampani amafunikanso kulimbikitsa kubwezeretsanso zinthu zotayira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu, kusintha momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Pakadali pano, makampani ena akuluakulu opanga zinthu zotayira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu akhazikitsa njira yonse yobwezeretsanso zinthu zotayira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotayira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu kumatha kufika pa 80%, zomwe sizimangopulumutsa chuma komanso zimachepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.

7. Chidule

Monga njira yopangira zitsulo zapamwamba, kuponyera kwa aluminiyamu ndi mphamvu yayikulu kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zamakono. Kudzera mu kafukufuku wozama pa tanthauzo lake, kayendedwe ka njira, makhalidwe aukadaulo, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza, malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi momwe zinthu zikuyendera, titha kumvetsetsa bwino zabwino ndi zovuta za njirayi.

Kuponyera kwa aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto, ndege, zamagetsi ndi zina zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri kuti zipangidwe bwino komanso molondola chifukwa cha zabwino zake zazikulu monga kupanga bwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe abwino pamwamba, kulondola kwakukulu, luso lopanga mawonekedwe ovuta, mphamvu yayikulu komanso mawonekedwe abwino amakina. Komabe, njirayi ilinso ndi zovuta zina, monga mavuto amkati mwa ma pore, zoletsa kutentha, mtengo wokwera wa nkhungu, ndalama zambiri zogulira zida, komanso zofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zopangira ndi njira, zomwe mpaka pamlingo winawake zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwambiri.

Magawo a njira (monga kuthamanga, liwiro, kutentha, ndi zina zotero) ndi kapangidwe ka nkhungu ndi zipangizo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a aluminiyamu yopangidwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwakukulu. Mwa kuwongolera molondola magawo awa ndikukonza kapangidwe ka nkhungu, ubwino ndi kupanga bwino kwa kuponderezedwa kumatha kuwongoleredwa bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, zatsopano zaukadaulo (monga kuponderezedwa kwa vacuum die, kuponderezedwa kwa die kolimba, ukadaulo wanzeru komanso wodziyimira pawokha, ndi zina zotero) komanso kukwezedwa kwa kufunikira kwa msika ndi zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe zaperekanso mwayi watsopano ndi zovuta pakupanga kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa aluminum alloy.

Mtsogolomu, ukadaulo wopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi ya aluminiyamu udzakula kukhala wolondola kwambiri, wabwino kwambiri, wosamalira chilengedwe komanso wanzeru kwambiri. Mabizinesi ayenera kuyankha mwachangu mavuto azachilengedwe pamene akukwaniritsa zosowa za msika, kupitiliza kukonza njira zogwirira ntchito, kukonza luso laukadaulo, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika.