Aluminium alloy okusuula puleesa eya waggulu

1. Okulambika ku aluminiyamu aloy puleesa enkulu okusuula

1.1 Ennyonyola n’omusingi

Aluminium alloy high pressure casting nkola ya mulembe ey’okukola ebyuma. Aluminiyamu ow’amazzi afuyirwa mangu mu kisenge ky’ekibumbe wansi wa puleesa ey’amaanyi n’ekaluba wansi wa puleesa ey’amaanyi okusobola okufuna Okusuula Aluminiyamu Alloys nga zirina omulimu omulungi ennyo n’ebifaananyi ebizibu. Omusingi gw’enkola eno kwe kukozesa engeri za puleesa eya waggulu n’okujjuza amangu okufuula aloy ya aluminiyamu okukaluba mu bbanga ttono, bwe kityo ne kituuka ku kukola okusuula okw’obutuufu obw’amaanyi n’amaanyi amangi.

Ebifaananyi bya puleesa eya waggulu: Mu aluminiyamu aloy puleesa enkulu Enkola y’okusuula abantu, puleesa etera okukozesebwa eri 80-200 MPa. Embeera eno eya puleesa eya waggulu esobola bulungi okukendeeza ku butuli n’obulema bw’okukendeera munda mu kisengejjo n’okulongoosa density n’amaanyi g’ekisumuluzo. Okugeza, bw’ogeraageranya n’okusuula okw’ennono okwa puleesa entono, amaanyi g’okusika ag’okusuula kwa aluminiyamu alloy okukolebwa okusuula puleesa eya waggulu gasobola okwongerwako ebitundu 20%-30%, ate okuwanvuwa kuyinza okwongerwako ebitundu 10%-20%.

Okujjuza amangu: Aluminiyamu ow’amazzi ayingira mu kisenge ky’ekibumbe ku sipiidi ya waggulu nnyo (ebiseera ebisinga 10-100 m/s) wansi wa puleesa ey’amaanyi, n’ejjuza mangu buli nsonda y’ekituli okukakasa nti ekikula kituufu n’obutebenkevu bw’ebipimo by’ekintu ekisuuliddwa. Okujjuza amangu nakyo kisobola okukendeeza ku oxidation n’okuggalawo mu nnyonta kw’ekyuma ekisaanuuse mu kisenge, okwongera okulongoosa omutindo gw’okusuula.

Enkola y’okukaluba: Wansi wa puleesa eya waggulu, ebisumuluzo bya aluminiyamu bikaluba mangu era biba n’empeke entono, ekiwa ebisuulibwa eby’ebyuma eby’ekika ekya waggulu n’okugumira okukulukuta okulungi. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti obunene bw’empeke z’ebisulo bya aluminiyamu ebisuuliddwa ku puleesa eya waggulu bitera okuba wakati wa microns 10-50, nga kino kitono nnyo okusinga obunene bw’empeke z’ebintu ebisuuliddwa ebikolebwa enkola z’okusuula ez’ennono (okutwalira awamu microns 100-200).

Enkola eno ekozesebwa nnyo mu bintu ng’emmotoka, eby’omu bwengula, n’ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze ebirina ebyetaago ebinene eby’omutindo gw’okusuula n’obutuufu. Okugeza, mu kukola mmotoka, aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting ekozesebwa okukola ebitundu ebikulu nga yingini blocks ne transmission housings, ekitakoma ku kukendeeza buzito bwa bitundu, wabula n’okulongoosa eby’ebyuma byabyo n’okwesigamizibwa kwabyo.

2. Entambula y’enkola

2.1 Okusaanuuka kw’Ebyuma

Okusaanuusa ebyuma okusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu alloy y’entandikwa y’enkola yonna era kulina akakwate akasalawo ku mutindo gw’okusuula okusembayo.

Ebikozesebwa mu kusaanuusa: Ekikoomi ekiyitibwa Crucible furnace oba induction furnace kitera okukozesebwa mu kusaanuusa aluminiyamu aloy. Crucible furnace esaanira okukola batch entonotono, era obutuufu bwakyo obw’okufuga ebbugumu ly’okusaanuuka butono nnyo, naye omuwendo gw’ebyuma guli mutono; induction furnace erina ebirungi by’okusaanuuka amangu sipiidi, okufuga ebbugumu okutuufu, uniform alloy composition, n’ebirala, ekisaanira okufulumya ku mutendera omunene. Okusinziira ku bibalo, obumu bw’obutonde bwa aluminiyamu aloy eyasaanuusibwa ekikoomi kya induction busobola okulongoosebwa ebitundu 30%, ate obulungi bw’okusaanuuka busobola okulongoosebwa ebitundu 25%.

Okulonda ebintu ebisookerwako: Kikulu nnyo okulonda ebigimusa eby’omutindo ogwa waggulu ebya aluminiyamu. Obulongoofu bw’ebintu ebisookerwako bukosa butereevu enkola y’ebintu ebisuulibwa. Okugeza, ebikuta bya aluminiyamu ebirina obulongoofu obw’amaanyi bivaamu obucaafu obutono mu nkola y’okusaanuuka, ekiyinza okukendeeza ku bulema obuli munda mu kifo ekisuuliddwa. Okutwalira awamu, obulongoofu bw’ebikuta bya aluminiyamu bwetaagisa obutaba wansi wa bitundu 99.5%, era obucaafu obulimu bufugibwa mu bitundu 0.5%. Okugatta ku ekyo, okugattako omuwendo ogusaanira ogw’ebintu ebikola aloyi (nga silikoni, ekikomo, magnesium n’ebirala) kiyinza okutereeza eby’obugagga bya aloyi za aluminiyamu, gamba ng’amaanyi n’obugumu. Nga tutwala Al-Si alloy nga ekyokulabirako, nga silicon content eri 10%-13%, alloy eba n’omutindo omulungi ogw’okusuula n’okuziyiza okwambala.

Okufuga enkola y’okusaanuuka: Ebbugumu n’obudde byetaaga okufugibwa ennyo mu nkola y’okusaanuuka. Ebbugumu ly’okusaanuuka kwa aloy ya aluminiyamu okutwalira awamu liri wakati wa 700-750°C. Ebbugumu eringi ennyo lijja kuleeta okuwunyiriza okw’amaanyi okwa aluminiyamu alloy era livaamu omuwendo omunene ogw’ebirimu aluminiyamu okisayidi; ebbugumu eri wansi ennyo lijja kwongera okutambula kw’amazzi ga aloy ya aluminiyamu, ekikosa enkola y’okujjuza eddako. Okutwalira awamu obudde bw’okusaanuuka bufugibwa ku ssaawa 1-2. Ekiseera ekiwanvu ennyo eky’okusaanuuka kijja kukyusa ekirungo kya aloy era kikose omulimu gw’okusuula. Nga tufuga bulungi ebipimo by’okusaanuuka, omuwendo gw’okufiirwa kw’okwokya (oxidation loss rate) gwa aluminiyamu alloy gusobola bulungi okukendeezebwa okutuuka wansi wa 1%, era omuwendo ogulina ebisaanyizo ogw’okusuula guyinza okulongoosebwa.

2.2 Okuteekateeka ekikuta n’okufuuyira

Ekibumbe kino kitundu kikulu nnyo mu kusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu alloy. Okuteekateeka kwayo n’omutindo gw’okufuuyira bikosa butereevu omutindo gw’okungulu n’obutuufu bw’ebipimo by’okusuula.

Okulonda ebintu ebibumba: Ekintu ekibumbe kyetaaga okuba n’amaanyi amangi, obugumu obw’amaanyi, okutambuza ebbugumu okulungi n’okugumira ebbugumu. Ebintu ebitera okukozesebwa mu kukola ekibumbe bye byuma ebikola mu bbugumu (nga H13 steel) ne seminti carbide. Ekyuma kya H13 kirina eby’obugagga ebirungi ebijjuvu, obugumu busobola okutuuka ku 50-55 HRC, obutambuzi bw’ebbugumu obw’amaanyi, era busobola okugumira ebbugumu eringi ne puleesa eya waggulu okukosebwa mu kiseera ky’okusuula puleesa eya waggulu. Ebibumbe bya carbide biba n’obugumu obusingako n’okugumira okwambala, naye ssente zisingako. Zisinga kukozesebwa kukola biwujjo ebirina enkula enzibu era nga byetaaga obutuufu obw’amaanyi. Okusinziira ku bibalo, obukaluba bw’okungulu kw’ebintu ebisuuliddwa ebikolebwa nga tukozesa ebibumbe by’ekyuma H13 busobola okutuuka ku Ra0.8-1.6μm, era obutuufu bw’ebipimo busobola okufugibwa mu ±0.1mm.

Enteekateeka y’ekibumbe n’okukola: Enteekateeka y’ekibumbe yeetaaga okulowooza ku bintu gamba ng’enkula, obunene, n’obuwanvu bwa bbugwe w’ekintu ekisuuliddwa okukakasa nti ekyuma ekisaanuuse kisobola okujjula obulungi n’okukaluba. Obukaluba bw’okungulu kw’ekituli ky’ekibumbe bwetaagisa okuba waggulu, okutwalira awamu Ra0.4-0.8μm, okukendeeza ku kifaananyi ky’okunywerera ku ngulu w’ekibumbe. Enteekateeka y’enkola y’okunyogoza ekibumbe nayo nsonga nkulu nnyo. Nga tutegeka mu ngeri entuufu omukutu gw’amazzi aganyogoza, sipiidi y’okukaluba kw’ekintu ekisuuliddwa esobola okufugibwa obulungi era omutindo gw’okusuula gusobola okulongoosebwa. Okugeza, mu kibumbe kya silinda ya yingini, ensengeka y’omukutu gw’amazzi aganyogoza esobola okukendeeza ku budde bw’okukaluba kw’ekisumuluzo ebitundu 20%-30% n’okukendeeza ku nnyatika ez’ebbugumu munda mu kisulo.

Okufuuyira ekikuta: Okufuuyira layeri y’ekirungo ekifulumya ku ngulu w’ekikuta ddaala ddene mu kusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu aloy. Omulimu gw’ekirungo ekifulumya kwe kuziyiza ekisulo okunywerera ku kibumba n’okukendeeza ku bulema ku ngulu w’ekibumbe. Ebirungo ebifulumya amazzi ebitera okukozesebwa bye bifulumya ebiva mu mazzi n’ebifulumya amafuta. Ebirungo ebifulumya amazzi birina ebirungi eby’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi ate nga bigula ssente ntono, naye bifuumuuka mangu era byetaaga okufuuyirwa ennyo; ebifulumya ebikolebwa mu mafuta birina okusiiga okulungi n’okunywerera, era bisobola okukuuma ekikolwa ky’okuggya ekikuta ku ngulu w’ekikuta okumala ebbanga eddene. Ebbugumu ery’okungulu ly’ekibumbe oluvannyuma lw’okufuuyira okutwalira awamu lifugibwa ku 200-250°C okukakasa nti ekirungo ekifulumya kisobola okusaasaanyizibwa kyenkanyi ne kikola oluwuzi olw’okwawula olulungi. Okuyita mu nkola ensaamusaamu ey’okufuuyira, obuwanguzi bw’okuggya ekikuta mu kusuula guyinza okwongerwako okutuuka ku bitundu ebisukka mu 98%.

2.3 Okujjuza ebyuma n’okukaluba

Okujjuza ebyuma n’okukaluba bye biyungo ebikulu eby’okusuula kwa puleesa ya aluminiyamu aloy, ebisalawo omutindo ogusembayo n’omulimu gw’okusuula.

Enkola y’okujjuza: Wansi wa puleesa eya waggulu, aloy ya aluminiyamu ey’amazzi eyingira mu kisenge ky’ekibumbe ku sipiidi ey’amaanyi ennyo (10-100 m/s). Okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza kikulu nnyo. Sipiidi y’okujjuza ey’amangu ennyo eyinza okuleetera ekyuma ekisaanuuse okufuumuuka, ne kivaamu obutuli n’ebirimu okisayidi; sipiidi y’okujjuza empola ennyo ejja kuleetera ekyuma ekisaanuuse okunnyogoga amangu ennyo mu kisenge ne kiremererwa okujjuza ddala ekituli. Tekinologiya w’okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza mu mitendera mingi atera okukozesebwa. Sipiidi eya wansi (10-20 m/s) ekozesebwa mu mutendera ogusooka okukendeeza ku kufuumuuka kw’ekyuma ekisaanuuse; sipiidi eyongerwa mpolampola (40-60 m/s) mu mutendera ogw’omu makkati okukakasa nti ekyuma ekisaanuuse kisobola okujjuza amangu ekituli; sipiidi ekendeezebwa mu mutendera ogusembayo (20-30 m/s) ekyuma ekisaanuuse ne kisobola okujjuza obulungi buli nsonda y’ekituli. Okuyita mu nkola eno ey’okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza ey’emitendera mingi, obuziba bw’okusuula busobola okukendeezebwa okutuuka wansi wa 2%.

Enkola y’okukaluba: Aluminiyamu alloy ekaluba wansi wa puleesa eya waggulu mu kisenge ky’ekibumbe, nga erina sipiidi y’okukaluba ey’amangu ate nga n’obunene bw’empeke butono (10-50 microns). Okukaluba kwa puleesa eya waggulu kuyinza bulungi okukendeeza ku bulema bw’okukendeera n’okukendeera munda mu kisumuluzo n’okulongoosa density n’amaanyi g’ekisumuluzo. Okugeza, amaanyi g’okusika (tensile strength) g’ebisenge bya aluminiyamu ebikolebwa mu kusuula kwa puleesa eya waggulu bisobola okutuuka ku 250-300 MPa, era okuwanvuwa kuli 5%-10%, nga kino kiri waggulu nnyo okusinga eby’okusuula ebikolebwa enkola z’okusuula ez’ennono. Mu nkola y’okukaluba, enkola y’okunyogoza ekibumbe ekola kinene. Nga tufuga mu ngeri entuufu omutindo gw’okunyogoga, microstructure n’omulimu gw’okusuula bisobola okwongera okulongoosebwa. Okugeza, okukozesa tekinologiya w’okunyogoza mu bitundutundu, okusooka okunyogoza amangu kungulu kw’ekisumuluzo n’oluvannyuma n’onyogoza mpola munda, kiyinza okufuula obunene bw’empeke z’ekisulo okusaasaanyizibwa kyenkanyi n’okulongoosa omulimu gw’okusuula okutwalira awamu.

Okufuga obulema: Mu nkola y’okujjuza n’okukaluba, obulema munda mu kisulo kyetaaga okufugibwa ennyo. Ebikyamu ebitera okubeerawo mulimu obutuli, okukendeera, okuggalwa mu nnyonta, n’ebirala Obuziba businga kuva ku kyuma ekisaanuuse ekiyingiza empewo mu nkola y’okujjuza oba okufuluma obubi mu kikuta. Nga tulongoosa dizayini y’ekibumbe n’okwongera ku mukutu gw’omukka ogufuluma, okutondebwa kw’obutuli kuyinza okukendeezebwa obulungi. Ebituli by’okukendeera n’okukendeera biva ku kukendeera kw’obunene bw’ekyuma ekisaanuuse mu nkola y’okukaluba. Okukozesa dizayini y’enkola ya gating ensaamusaamu ne tekinologiya w’okuliisa okukendeera, gamba ng’okuteekawo risers oba okukozesa tekinologiya w’okunyweza mu mutendera, kisobola bulungi okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okukendeera n’okukendeera. Okuggalawo mu nnyonta kiva ku kutaataaganyizibwa oba okutambula obutasalako kw’ekyuma ekisaanuuse mu nkola y’okujjuza. Okuggalawo mu nnyonta kuyinza okukendeezebwa nga twongera ku sipiidi y’okujjuza n’okulongoosa ensaasaanya y’ebbugumu ly’ekikuta. Nga tufuga mu bujjuvu obulema buno, omuwendo ogulina ebisaanyizo ogw’okusuula guyinza okwongerwako okutuuka ku bitundu ebisukka mu 95%.

3. Ebifaananyi eby’ekikugu

3.1 Ebirungi ebirimu

Tekinologiya wa aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting alina ebirungi bingi ebikulu, ekigifuula eyettanirwa mu makolero ag’omulembe.

Okukola obulungi ennyo: Aluminium alloy high-pressure casting esobola okutuuka ku kujjuza amangu n’okukaluba, era erina enzirukanya y’okufulumya empya. Okuva ku kujjuza ekyuma ekisaanuuse okutuuka ku kukaluba mu kusuula, enkola yonna etwala sekondi ntono zokka okutuuka ku sikonda makumi. Okugeza, nga okola ebitundu by’emmotoka ebitonotono ebya aluminiyamu, omuwendo gw’ebintu ebisuulibwa ebiyinza okukolebwa buli ssaawa guyinza okutuuka ku bitundu 200-300. Bw’ogeraageranya n’enkola ey’ekinnansi ey’okusuula omusenyu, obulungi bw’okufulumya bwongera emirundi 5-10, ekituukiriza ennyo ebyetaago by’okufulumya eby’amaanyi eby’amakolero g’emmotoka n’amalala.

Omutindo omulungi ogw’okungulu: Obugulumivu bw’ebisuulibwa ebikolebwa enkola eno buba buweweevu era buba buweweevu, nga kungulu buba bukaluba butono. Olw’okuba ekyuma ekisaanuuse kijjuza mangu ekibumbe nga kiri ku puleesa ey’amaanyi, kisobola bulungi okukoppa enkula n’ebintu ebikwata ku ngulu w’ekisenge ky’ekibumbe. Okutwaliza awamu, obukaluba bw’okungulu kw’ebintu ebisuuliddwa busobola okutuuka ku Ra0.4-1.6μm, ekiyinza okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’endabika y’ebintu ebisinga awatali kulongoosa kungulu kwonna. Mu kukola ebiyumba ebimu eby’ebintu eby’amasannyalaze ebirina ebyetaago eby’omutindo ogwa waggulu ku ngulu, ebisuulibwa ebya puleesa eya waggulu bisobola okukozesebwa butereevu okukuŋŋaanya n’okukozesa oluvannyuma, ekikendeeza ku nkola z’okulongoosa n’ebisale.

Obutuufu bw’ebipimo obw’amaanyi: Aluminium alloy high-pressure casting esobola okufuga obulungi obutuufu bw’ebipimo by’okusuula. Okukola ebibumbe mu ngeri entuufu ennyo n’okujjuza amangu ebyuma ebisaanuuse mu kiseera ky’okujjuza ku puleesa ennene bifuula okukyama kw’ebipimo kw’ebisuulibwa okutono ennyo. Obutuufu bw’ebipimo busobola okufugibwa mu ±0.1mm, era ne mu kukola ebitundu ebimu eby’omu bwengula ebituufu ennyo, obutuufu busobola okutuuka ku ddaala erya waggulu. Kino kikendeeza ku mirimu gy’okukola ebyuma ebiddako, kiyamba okufulumya obulungi n’okukozesa ebintu, era kikendeeza ku nsaasaanya y’okufulumya.

Complex shape casting manufacturing capability: Enkola eno esobola okufulumya complex-shaped, ebisenge ebigonvu. Okuva ekyuma ekisaanuuse bwe kisobola okujjuza amangu buli nsonda y’ekisenge ky’ekibumbe wansi wa puleesa ey’amaanyi, n’ebizimbe ebizibu ennyo, gamba ng’omukutu oguyingiza n’omukutu gw’amazzi aganyogoza ogwa bbulooka ya yingini y’emmotoka, bisobola okukolebwa mu butuufu. Kino kiwa eddembe erisingawo mu kukola ebintu, ne kisobozesa abakola dizayini okukola ebintu ebiweweevu, ebikola obulungi okusobola okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’okukola ebintu eby’omulembe ku bitundu ebizibu.

Amaanyi amangi n’ebyuma ebirungi: Mu nkola y’okusuula ku puleesa eya waggulu, ekyuma ekisaanuuse kikaluba wansi wa puleesa eya waggulu, obunene bw’empeke buba butono, ate okusuula kulina obulema butono obw’omunda, n’olwekyo kirina amaanyi amangi n’ebyuma ebirungi. Okugeza, amaanyi g’okusika (tensile strength) ga puleesa eya waggulu cast aluminium alloy castings gasobola okutuuka ku 250-300 MPa, era okuwanvuwa kuli 5%-10%. Bw’ogeraageranya n’ebintu ebisuulibwa ebikolebwa enkola z’okusuula ez’ekinnansi, amaanyi n’obugumu bilongoosebwa nnyo. Kino kisobozesa ebisuulibwa okugumira emigugu n’okunyigirizibwa okunene, okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’amaanyi amangi n’okwesigamizibwa kw’ebitundu mu by’emmotoka, eby’omu bwengula n’ebirala.

3.2 Ebizibu ebivaamu

Wadde nga aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting erina ebirungi bingi, waliwo n’ebizibu ebiteewalika.

Ekizibu ky’obutuli obw’omunda: Mu nkola y’okujjuza ekyuma ekisaanuuse, empewo nnyangu okuyingizibwa, ekivaamu obutuli munda mu kisengejjero. Wadde ng’okutondebwa kw’obutuli kuyinza okukendeezebwa nga tulongoosa dizayini y’ekibumbe n’okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza, kikyali kizibu okwewala ddala obutuli. Okubeerawo kw’obutuli kijja kukendeeza ku maanyi n’okuziyiza okukulukuta kw’ekintu ekisuuliddwa, kikose omulimu n’obulamu bw’obuweereza bw’ekintu ekisuuliddwa. Okugeza, mu bifo ebimu ebisuulibwa ebikolebwako puleesa ey’amaanyi oba okunyigirizibwa okw’amaanyi, obutuli buyinza okufuuka ensibuko y’enjatika, ekivaako okusuula okulemererwa nga tekunnabaawo.

Ebikoma mu kulongoosa ebbugumu: Waliwo obuzibu obumu nga okulongoosa ebbugumu kukolebwa ku aluminiyamu aloy high pressure casting casting. Olw’okusobola kw’okunyigirizibwa okusigadde munda mu kisengejja, ekisuuliddwa kiyinza okukyukakyuka oba okwatika mu nkola y’okulongoosa ebbugumu. Okugatta ku ekyo, obutonde bwa aloy n’ensengeka y’enteekateeka y’ebimu ku biwujjo bya aluminiyamu ebisuula puleesa eya waggulu biyinza okukyuka mu nkola y’okulongoosa ebbugumu, ne kikosa omulimu gw’okusuula. Kino kifuula ekyetaagisa okulonda n’obwegendereza enkola y’okulongoosa ebbugumu n’ebipimo nga okulongoosa ebbugumu kyetaagisa okwongera okulongoosa omulimu gw’okusuula, okwongera ku buzibu n’omuwendo gw’enkola y’okufulumya.

Ebisale by’ekibumbe ebingi: Okusuula puleesa eya waggulu mu aloy ya aluminiyamu kyetaagisa okukozesa ebintu ebikola ekibumbe eby’amaanyi amangi, ebikaluba ennyo, n’ebiziyiza ebbugumu obulungi, gamba ng’ekyuma kya H13 oba carbide eya seminti. Ebyetaago by’obutuufu bw’okukola ekibumbe bingi ate n’obuzibu bw’okulongoosa buli waggulu, ekivaamu ssente ennyingi mu kukola ekibumbe. Ebisale by’ekibinja ekizibu eky’ebibumbe ebisuula yingini z’emmotoka eza puleesa enkulu bisobola okutuuka ku bukadde n’obukadde bwa Yuan. Okugatta ku ekyo, obulamu bw’ekibumbe kino nakyo kitono. Oluvannyuma lw’okufulumya omuwendo ogugere ogw’ebintu ebisuuliddwa, kyetaaga okuddaabirizibwa oba okukyusibwa, ekyongera ku ssente z’okufulumya n’enzirukanya y’okufulumya.

Ensimbi ennene mu byuma: Okusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu alloy kyetaagisa okukozesa ebyuma eby’ekikugu ebisuula puleesa eya waggulu, omuli ebyuma ebikuba empiso ya puleesa eya waggulu, enkola y’okufumbisa n’okunyogoza ebibumbe, n’enkola ezifuga otomatiki. Ebyuma bino bya bbeeyi ate nga birina ssente nnyingi ezisaasaanyizibwa mu kusiga ensimbi. Okugeza, bbeeyi y’ekyuma ekikuba empiso ekya puleesa eya wakati esobola okutuuka ku bukadde bwa Yuan, ekiteeka obwetaavu obw’amaanyi ku maanyi g’ebyensimbi ag’ekitongole era ne kikoma ku kwettanira ebitongole ebimu ebitonotono.

Ebyetaago ebinene ku bikozesebwa ebisookerwako n’enkola: Aluminium alloy high-pressure casting erina ebisaanyizo ebikakali ku bulongoofu n’omutindo gw’ebigimusa. Obucaafu obuyitiridde mu bikozesebwa ebisookerwako bujja kukosa omutindo n’enkola y’ebintu ebisuulibwa. Mu kiseera kye kimu, enkola yonna yeetaaga okufugibwa obulungi, omuli ebipimo nga ebbugumu ly’okusaanuuka, sipiidi y’okujjuza, ebbugumu ly’ekibumbe, sipiidi y’okunyogoza, n’ebirala Ebizibu mu kiyungo kyonna biyinza okuvaako obulema mu kusuula. Kino kyongera ku buzibu bw’enkola y’okufulumya n’ebyetaago by’omutendera gw’ekikugu ogw’abaddukanya emirimu, era kireeta okusoomoozebwa okw’amaanyi eri omutendera gw’okuddukanya okufulumya mu kitongole.

4. Ensonga ezifuga

4.1 Ebipimo by’enkola (puleesa, sipiidi, ebbugumu, n’ebirala) .

Omutindo n’omulimu gwa aluminiyamu alloy high pressure casting bikosebwa enkola ez’enjawulo parameters, nga mu bino puleesa, sipiidi n’ebbugumu bye bintu ebikulu.

Puleesa: Puleesa kye kimu ku bikulu ebikwata ku kusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu alloy. Ebiseera ebisinga, puleesa y’okusuula eva ku 80-200 MPa. Puleesa eya waggulu esobola bulungi okukendeeza ku butuli n’obulema bw’okukendeera munda mu kisengejjo n’okulongoosa density n’amaanyi g’ekisumuluzo. Okugeza, puleesa bwe yeeyongera okuva ku 80 MPa okutuuka ku 150 MPa, amaanyi g’okusika g’ekisengejjero gayinza okwongerwako ebitundu 15%-20%, ate obuziba busobola okukendeezebwako ebitundu nga 30%. Okugatta ku ekyo, embeera ya puleesa eya waggulu nayo esobola okutumbula okujjuza amangu ekyuma ekisaanuuse okukakasa obutuufu bw’ekikula n’obutebenkevu bw’ebipimo by’ekyuma ekisuuliddwa.

Sipiidi: Sipiidi y’okujjuza nsonga nkulu ekosa omutindo gw’okusuula. Aluminiyamu ow’amazzi ayingira mu kisenge ky’ekibumbe ku sipiidi ya waggulu nnyo (10-100 m/s) wansi wa puleesa eya waggulu. Okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza kikulu nnyo. Sipiidi y’okujjuza ey’amangu ennyo eyinza okuleetera ekyuma ekisaanuuse okufuumuuka, ne kivaamu obutuli n’ebirimu okisayidi; sipiidi y’okujjuza empola ennyo ejja kuleetera ekyuma ekisaanuuse okunnyogoga amangu ennyo mu kisenge ne kiremererwa okujjuza ddala ekituli. Tekinologiya w’okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza mu mitendera mingi atera okwettanirwa, nga sipiidi ya wansi (10-20 m/s) mu mutendera ogusooka, sipiidi egenda yeeyongera mpolampola (40-60 m/s) mu mutendera ogw’omu makkati, ate sipiidi ekendedde (20-30 m/s) mu mutendera ogusembayo. Okuyita mu nkola eno ey’okufuga sipiidi y’okujjuza ey’emitendera mingi, obuziba bw’okusuula busobola okukendeezebwa okutuuka wansi wa 2%.

Ebbugumu: Okufuga ebbugumu kuyita mu nkola yonna ey’okusuula puleesa eya waggulu eya aluminiyamu aloy. Okutwalira awamu ebbugumu ly’okusaanuuka liri wakati wa 700-750°C. Ebbugumu eriri waggulu ennyo lijja kuleeta okuwunyiriza okw’amaanyi mu aloy ya aluminiyamu era livaamu omuwendo omunene ogw’ebirimu okisayidi wa aluminiyamu; ebbugumu eri wansi ennyo lijja kwonoona amazzi ga aloy ya aluminiyamu era likose enkola y’okujjuza eddako. Ebbugumu ly’ekikuta nalyo lyetaaga okufugibwa ennyo, ebiseera ebisinga wakati wa 200-250°C, okukakasa nti ekirungo ekifulumya kisobola okusaasaanyizibwa kyenkanyi ne kikola oluwuzi olw’okwawula olulungi. Nga tufuga bulungi ebbugumu, omuwendo gw’okufiirwa kw’okwokya (oxidation loss rate) gwa aluminiyamu alloy gusobola bulungi okukendeezebwa okutuuka wansi wa 1%, era omuwendo ogulina ebisaanyizo ogw’okusuula guyinza okulongoosebwa.

4.2 Enteekateeka y’ekibumbe n’ebikozesebwa

Ekibumbe kino kitundu kikulu nnyo mu kusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu alloy. Dizayini yaayo n’okulonda ebintu birina kinene kye bikola ku mutindo n’obulungi bw’okufulumya ebintu ebisuuliddwa.

Enteekateeka y’ekibumbe: Enteekateeka y’ekibumbe yeetaaga okulowooza ennyo ku bintu ng’enkula, obunene, n’obuwanvu bw’ekisenge ky’ekintu ekisuuliddwa okukakasa nti ekyuma ekisaanuuse kisobola okujjula obulungi n’okukaluba. Obukaluba bw’okungulu kw’ekituli ky’ekibumbe bwetaagisa okuba waggulu, okutwalira awamu Ra0.4-0.8μm, okukendeeza ku kifaananyi ky’okunywerera ku ngulu w’ekibumbe. Dizayini y’enkola y’okunyogoza ekibumbe nayo nkulu nnyo. Nga tutegeka mu ngeri entuufu omukutu gw’amazzi aganyogoza, sipiidi y’okukaluba kw’ekintu ekisuuliddwa esobola okufugibwa obulungi era omutindo gw’okusuula gusobola okulongoosebwa. Okugeza, mu kibumbe kya silinda ya yingini, ensengeka y’omukutu gw’amazzi aganyogoza esobola okukendeeza ku budde bw’okukaluba kw’ekisumuluzo ebitundu 20%-30% n’okukendeeza ku nnyatika ez’ebbugumu munda mu kisulo.

Ekintu ekibumba: Ekintu ekibumba kyetaaga okuba n’amaanyi amangi, obugumu obw’amaanyi, okutambuza ebbugumu okulungi n’okugumira ebbugumu. Ebintu ebitera okukozesebwa mu kukola ekibumbe bye byuma ebikola mu bbugumu (nga H13 steel) ne seminti carbide. Ekyuma kya H13 kirina eby’obugagga ebirungi ebijjuvu, obugumu busobola okutuuka ku 50-55 HRC, obutambuzi bw’ebbugumu obw’amaanyi, era busobola okugumira ebbugumu eringi ne puleesa eya waggulu okukosebwa mu kiseera ky’okusuula puleesa eya waggulu. Ebibumbe bya carbide biba n’obugumu obusingako n’okugumira okwambala, naye ssente zisingako. Zisinga kukozesebwa kukola biwujjo ebirina enkula enzibu era nga byetaaga obutuufu obw’amaanyi. Okusinziira ku bibalo, obukaluba bw’okungulu kw’ebintu ebisuuliddwa ebikolebwa nga tukozesa ebibumbe by’ekyuma H13 busobola okutuuka ku Ra0.8-1.6μm, era obutuufu bw’ebipimo busobola okufugibwa mu ±0.1mm.

5. Ebitundu by’okukozesa

5.1 Amakolero g’emmotoka (ebitundu bya yingini, nnamuziga n’ebirala) .

Aluminium alloy high-pressure casting erina emirimu mingi mu mulimu gw’emmotoka naddala mu kukola ebitundu bya yingini ne nnamuziga, ng’ebirungi byayo bikulu.

Ebitundu bya yingini: Ebitundu ebikulu nga ssiringi za yingini n’ebiyumba by’emmotoka bikulu ebikozesebwa mu kusuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu. Ebitundu bino byetaaga okugumira puleesa eya waggulu, ebbugumu eringi n’omugugu ogw’ebyuma ogw’amaanyi, era nga birina ebyetaago ebinene ennyo ku maanyi, okuziyiza ebbugumu n’obutuufu bw’ebipimo by’ekintu. Aluminium alloy high pressure casting esobola okuvaamu castings ezirina obuwanvu bwa bbugwe obw’enjawulo ate nga n’obulema butono obw’omunda. Amaanyi gaayo ag’okusika gasobola okutuuka ku 250-300 MPa ate okuwanvuwa kwayo kuli 5%-10%, ekiyinza okutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebikakali eby’ebitundu bya yingini. Okugeza, bulooka ya yingini ekolebwa kkampuni ekola mmotoka ng’ekozesa aluminiyamu aloy high pressure casting ekendeeza ku buzito ebitundu 20% ate amaanyi ne yeeyongera ebitundu 30%, ekiyamba nnyo yingini okukola emirimu n’okukendeeza amafuta.

Wheel hub: Aluminium alloy wheel hub kitundu kikulu nnyo mu kuzitowa mmotoka. Tekinologiya w’okusuula ku puleesa eya waggulu asobola okukola nnamuziga ezirina enkula enzibu n’ebipimo ebituufu. Omutindo gwayo ogw’okungulu guli waggulu era esobola okukozesebwa butereevu awatali kulongoosebwa kwonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, okuziyiza okukulukuta n’okuziyiza okwambala kwa nnamuziga za ‘high pressure cast aluminium alloy wheels’ nazo nnungi okusinga ezo ezikolebwa enkola z’okusuula ez’ekinnansi. Okusinziira ku bibalo, obulamu bwa nnamuziga ezikolebwa mu aluminiyamu alloy high pressure casting busobola okwongerwako ebitundu 30%-50%, ate nga bukendeeza ku buziyiza bw’okuyiringisibwa kw’emmotoka n’okulongoosa amafuta.

5.2 Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu byuma bikalimagezi (amayumba, ebitundu n’ebirala) .

Mu kukola ebintu eby’amasannyalaze, aluminiyamu alloy high pressure casting nakyo kikola kinene naddala mu kukola ennyumba n’ebitundu.

Ekisusunku: Ekisusunku ky’ebintu eby’amasannyalaze kyetaaga okuba n’omutindo omulungi ogw’endabika, obutuufu bw’ebipimo n’okukola obulungi mu kuziyiza amasannyalaze. Aluminium alloy high-pressure casting esobola okuvaamu ebisusunku ebiseeneekerevu era ebituufu nga biriko obukaluba bw’okungulu bwa Ra0.4-1.6μm, ekiyinza okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’endabika awatali kulongoosa kungulu kwonna. Okugatta ku ekyo, omulimu gw’okukuuma amasannyalaze mu puleesa eya waggulu ogwa aluminiyamu ogusuuliddwa gusinga ogw’ebintu eby’ennono, ebiyinza okukuuma obulungi ebyuma by’amasannyalaze okuva ku kuyingirira kw’amasannyalaze. Okugeza, kkampuni ekola essimu ez’amaanyi ekozesa aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting okukola ekisusunku ky’essimu nga kiweza mm 1.5 zokka, ekikendeeza ku buzito ebitundu 15%, n’okulongoosa omulimu gw’ekintu kino okuziyiza okugwa n’okuziyiza amasannyalaze.

Ebitundu: Ebitundu eby’omunda eby’ebintu eby’amasannyalaze birina ebyetaago ebinene ennyo okusobola okukola obulungi n’okwesigamizibwa. Aluminium alloy high-pressure casting esobola okufulumya ebitundu ebizibu-enkula n’ebisenge ebigonvu n’obutuufu bw’ebipimo mu ±0.1mm, era ne mu nkola ezimu ez’obutuufu obw’amaanyi, obutuufu busobola okutuuka ku ddaala erya waggulu. Ebitundu bino tebisobola kutuukiriza byetaago by’emirimu gy’ebintu eby’amasannyalaze byokka, naye era bitegeera obuzito obutono n’obutono bw’ebintu. Okugeza, mu laptop, obuzito bwa radiators, brackets n’ebitundu ebirala ebikolebwa aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting bukendeezebwa ebitundu 20%, ate omulimu gw’okusaasaanya ebbugumu gulongoosebwa ebitundu 15%, ekirongoosa ennyo omulimu n’obumanyirivu bw’omukozesa w’ekintu.

6. Emitendera gy’enkulaakulana

6.1 Obuyiiya mu tekinologiya (nga Vacuum Die Casting) .

Tekinologiya w’okusuula puleesa eya waggulu eya aluminiyamu alloy buli kiseera akulaakulana ng’ayolekera endagiriro ez’obutuufu obw’amaanyi, ez’omutindo ogwa waggulu n’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi, era obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya bwe bukulu obuvuga enkulaakulana yaayo.

Tekinologiya wa vacuum die-casting: Vacuum die-casting y’emu ku ndagiriro enkulu ez’enkulaakulana mu aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting. Tekinologiya ono akendeeza ku ggaasi ali mu kyuma ekisaanuuse ng’afuumuula mu kiseera ky’okujjuza, bwe kityo n’akendeeza bulungi obutuli munda mu kyuma ekisuuliddwa. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti vacuum die-casting esobola okukendeeza ku porosity ya castings okutuuka wansi wa 1%, okwongera ku maanyi g’okusika ebitundu 10%-15%, n’okwongera ku elongation ne 5%-8%. Okugeza, bulooka ya silinda ya yingini ekolebwa kkampuni emu ekola ebitundu by’emmotoka ng’ekozesa tekinologiya wa vacuum die-casting erongooseddwa nnyo amaanyi gaayo n’okwesigamizibwa kwayo, ng’etuukiriza ebyetaago bya yingini z’emmotoka ezikola obulungi.

Tekinologiya wa semi-solid die-casting: Semi-solid die-casting nkola ya kukola aloy ya aluminiyamu egenda okuvaayo. Omusingi gwayo kwe kubugumya aloy ya aluminiyamu okutuuka ku mbeera ya semi-solid n’oluvannyuma n’ojjuza ekibumbe wansi wa puleesa eya waggulu. Bw’ogeraageranya n’okusuula okw’ennono okwa puleesa eya waggulu, okusuula okufa (semi-solid die-casting) kuyinza okukendeeza ku oxidation n’okuyingiza ekyuma ekisaanuuse n’okulongoosa omutindo gw’okungulu n’omutindo gw’omunda ogw’okusuula. Ebintu ebisuulibwa ebikolebwa mu ngeri ya semi-solid die casting birina obunene bw’empeke obutono, eby’ebyuma ebirungi n’obutuufu bw’ebipimo obw’amaanyi. Mu kiseera kino, tekinologiya wa semi-solid die casting abadde akozesebwa mu by’ennyonyi, mmotoka n’ebirala, era omugabo gwayo ku katale gweyongera mpolampola.

Tekinologiya ow’amagezi era ow’otoma: Olw’okukulaakulana kwa Industry 4.0, omutindo gw’amagezi n’okukola otomatiki mu aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting gweyongera okulongooka. Nga tuleeta tekinologiya wa sensa ow’omulembe, enkola z’okufuga mu ngeri ey’obwengula n’okwekenneenya data ennene, okulondoola mu kiseera ekituufu n’okufuga obulungi enkola y’okusuula bisobola okutuukirira. Okugeza, enkola y’okufuga ey’amagezi esobola okutereeza puleesa y’okusuula n’ebbugumu ly’ekibumbe okusinziira ku bipimo nga ebbugumu ly’ekyuma ekisaanuuse n’embiro y’okujjuza okukakasa nti omutindo gw’okusuula gunywevu. Okukozesa tekinologiya ow’amagezi tekikoma ku kulongoosa bulungibwansi bwa kukola, naye era kikendeeza ku nsaasaanya y’okufulumya n’emiwendo egy’obulemu.

6.2 Okwetaaga akatale n’ebyetaago by’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi

Okukulaakulanya aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting evugirwa byombi obwetaavu bw’akatale n’obwetaavu bw’okukuuma obutonde. Amakampuni geetaaga okwanukula n’obunyiikivu okusoomoozebwa kw’obutonde bw’ensi nga bwe gatuukiriza obwetaavu bw’akatale.

Okwetaaga mu katale: Olw’okukulaakulana okw’amangu kw’amakolero ng’emmotoka, eby’omu bwengula, n’ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze, obwetaavu bw’ebintu ebikolebwa mu aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure castings bweyongera okukula. Amakolero g’emmotoka naddala geetaaga mu bwangu ebitundu ebizitowa ate nga bikola bulungi, era okukozesa ebiwujjo bya puleesa eya waggulu ebya aluminiyamu alloy mu bitundu bya yingini y’emmotoka, nnamuziga, ebitundu by’enzimba y’omubiri n’emirimu emirala buli kiseera kweyongera. Okusinziira ku bibalo, obunene bw’akatale ka aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure castings ez’emmotoka bugenda kukula ku kigero kya wakati buli mwaka ekya 10% mu myaka etaano egijja. Okugatta ku ekyo, omuze gw’okukendeeza n’okukola obulungi ebintu eby’amasannyalaze nagwo gutumbula okukozesa tekinologiya wa aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure casting mu mulimu guno, era essuubi ly’obwetaavu bw’akatale ligazi.

Ebyetaago by’okukuuma obutonde: Wansi w’enkola z’okukuuma obutonde ezigenda zeeyongera okubeera enkakali, ebitongole ebisuula puleesa ya aluminiyamu byolekedde ebyetaago eby’okukuuma obutonde eby’amaanyi. Ku ludda olumu, amakampuni geetaaga okukendeeza ku nkozesa y’amasoboza n’obucaafu obufulumizibwa mu nkola y’okufulumya. Okugeza, ebyuma ebikekkereza amaanyi mu kusaanuusa n’enkola ennungi ey’okunyogoza bisobola okukozesebwa okukendeeza ku nkozesa y’amasoboza; nga tulongoosa enkola y’enkola n’okukozesa ebifulumya ebitakwatagana na butonde, omukka omucaafu n’obucaafu obufuluma mu kasasiro bisobola okukendeezebwa. Ku luuyi olulala, amakampuni era geetaaga okunyweza okuddamu okukola aluminiyamu omucaafu, okulongoosa enkozesa y’eby’obugagga, n’okukendeeza ku buzibu obukwata ku butonde bw’ensi. Mu kiseera kino, ebitongole ebimu ebinene ebisuula aluminiyamu alloy high-pressure bitaddewo enkola enzijuvu ey’okuddamu okukola aluminiyamu kasasiro, era omuwendo gw’okuddamu okukola aluminiyamu kasasiro gusobola okutuuka ku bitundu ebisukka mu 80%, ekitakoma ku kukekkereza by’obugagga wabula n’okukendeeza ku bucaafu bw’obutonde.

7. Mu bufunze

Nga enkola ey’omulembe ey’okukola ebyuma, aluminiyamu aloy high-pressure casting ekola kinene nnyo mu kukola ebyuma eby’omulembe. Okuyita mu kunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza ku nnyonyola yaayo, entambula y’enkola, engeri z’eby’ekikugu, ensonga ezifuga, ennimiro z’okukozesa n’emitendera gy’enkulaakulana, tusobola okutegeera obulungi ebirungi n’okusoomoozebwa kw’enkola eno.

Aluminium alloy high pressure casting ekozesebwa nnyo mu mmotoka, aerospace, electronics n’ebintu ebirala nga byetaagisa nnyo omutindo gw’okusuula n’obutuufu olw’ebirungi byayo ebinene nga okufulumya obulungi, omutindo omulungi ogw’okungulu, obutuufu bw’ebipimo obw’amaanyi, obusobozi bw’okukola casting mu ngeri enzibu, amaanyi amangi n’ebintu ebirungi eby’ebyuma. Naye enkola eno era erina ebizibu ebimu, gamba ng’obuzibu bw’obutuli obw’omunda, okuziyiza okulongoosa mu bbugumu, ssente nnyingi mu kikuta, okuteeka ssente ennyingi mu byuma, n’obwetaavu obw’amaanyi ku bikozesebwa ebisookerwako n’enkola, ebikoma ku kigero ekimu okugikozesa mu bugazi.

Ebipimo by’enkola (nga puleesa, sipiidi, ebbugumu, n’ebirala) n’ensengeka y’ekibumbe n’ebikozesebwa bye bintu ebikulu ebikosa omutindo n’omulimu gw’okusuula puleesa eya waggulu eya aluminiyamu aloy. Nga tufuga bulungi ebipimo bino n’okulongoosa dizayini y’ekikuta, omutindo n’obulungi bw’okufulumya ebisuulibwa bisobola okulongoosebwa obulungi. Okugatta ku ekyo, obuyiiya mu tekinologiya (nga vacuum die casting, semi-solid die casting, intelligent and automated technology, n’ebirala) n’okutumbula obwetaavu bw’akatale n’ebyetaago by’okukuuma obutonde nabyo bifudde emikisa emipya n’okusoomoozebwa mu kukulaakulanya aluminiyamu alloy high pressure casting.

Mu biseera eby’omu maaso, tekinologiya wa aluminiyamu alloy high pressure casting ajja kukulaakulana ng’ayolekera precision eya waggulu, omutindo ogwa waggulu, akuuma obutonde bw’ensi n’amagezi. Ebitongole byetaaga okwanukula n’obunyiikivu okusoomoozebwa kw’obutonde bw’ensi nga bwe bituukana n’obwetaavu bw’akatale, okulongoosa obutasalako ebipimo by’enkola, okulongoosa obusobozi bw’obuyiiya mu tekinologiya, n’okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya y’okufulumya okusobola okutuuka ku nkulaakulana ey’olubeerera.