Oku orikubaasa kutegyeka okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma omu bwire bw’okuteera eby’okuteera

Oku orikubaasa kutegyeka okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma omu bwire bw’okukyendeezaOkuteera amaani

Kwanjura
Okuteera omu muringo gwa pressure nkye n’eky’omurembe . Omuringo gw'okuteera ebyoma. Nikikozesibwa munonga omu by’enyonyi, emotoka, eby’oma n’ebindi ahabw’okuba nikibaasa kukora ebishushani by’omutindo gw’ahaiguru kandi ebigumire. Aluminium alloy, nk’ekimwe aha bintu ebirikukoresibwa munonga omu 2010.okuteera kwa puresha nkye, eine ebirungi by’okuremeera kakye, amaani maingi n’okuzibira okusheenya. Kwonka omu mbeera ezimwe z‘okukoresa ezitari zimwe na zimwe, nk‘ebicweka bya radiator n‘ebicweka bya ingini, ebyetaago by‘ahaiguru nibiteebwa aha nkora y‘okutwara obutagatsi bw‘ebintu by‘ekyoma bya aluminiyamu. Ekicweka eki nikiija kucondooza omu bwijwire oku orikubaasa kutegyeka gye okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma kurabira omu miringo etari emwe n’emwe omu bwire bw’okuteera omu muringo gw’amaani makye kuhikiiriza ebyetengo bya bakasitoma batari bamwe na bamwe.

I. Okumanya okurikukwata aha nkora y‘okwotsya kw‘ebintu by‘ekyoma
(I) Okushoboorora n’obukuru bw’okutwara obutagatsi
Okutwara obutagatsi nikimanyisa obushoboorozi bw’ekintu okutwara obutagatsi, oburikukira kupimwa omu kutwara obutagatsi (Thermal Conductivity), n’ekipimo kya W/(m·K). Omu bintu ebikozirwe omu aluminiyamu ebikozirwe omu muringo gw’amaani makye, okutwarwa gye kw’okwotsya nikyetengyesa munonga kubaasa kutunguura okukora kw’ebintu n’okukora gye. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, omu mutwe gwa silinda, piston n’ebindi bicweka bya ingini y’emotoka, obutagatsi nibwetenga kusheesheka omu bwire kureeba ngu ingini yaakora gye n’okwongyera aha myaka yaayo; omu radiator y’ebikwato by’ebyoma, okutambura gye kw’okwotsya nikubaasa kukyendeeza gye obutagatsi bw’okukora kw’ebicweka by’ebyoma kandi kutunguura okuhama n’obwesigwa bw’ebikwato.
(II) Enshonga ezirikuteganisa okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu ebikozirwe omu aluminiyamu .
Ebintu by’ekyoma n’ebicweka by’omubiri: Ebintu by’ekyoma ebitarikushushana biine obutafaari obugumire obutari bumwe na bumwe omu nkora ya aluminiyamu n’emiringo etari emwe n’emwe erikuhangwa, ekirikwija kukwata aha rulengo rw’okuhinduka kw’ebicweka by’omubiri (lattice distortion) kandi obwo kihindure okutwarwa kw’okwotsya. Okutwarira hamwe, okubaho kw’ebintu by’ekyoma nikiija kukyendeeza aha nkora y’okwotsya ey’ekyoma kya aluminiyamu omu miringo etarikushushana. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, omu nshaho z’obuhangwa eza Al-Si, obu silikoni erikweyongyera, n’obutagatsi bw’enshaho nibuija kukyendeera.
Obutafaari n’oburemeezi: Ebintu ebitashemeire n’oburemeezi (nk’ebicupuri, ebirimu, n’ebindi) omu nshaho nibiija kuremesa munonga okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kandi bikyendeeze aha kutwarwa kw’okwotsya. Atoms ezitashemeire niziija kuteganisa okutambura kwa electrons z’obuntu omu matrix ya aluminium, zongyere aha nkora y’okujanjaara, kandi zikyendeeze aha mubaro gwa electrons z’obuntu ahabw’okuhingisa gye obutagatsi; oburemeezi nibwija kukyendeeza aha buhango bw’ebintu, kandi obutagatsi nibwija kujanjaara juba kandi bureebekye aha buremeezi omu bwire bw’okuhingisa, obwo nibukyendeeza aha kutwara obutagatsi.
Okujanjaba kw'okwotsya enkora: Okujanjaba kw’okwotsya nikubaasa kukwata aha nkora y’okwotsya orikuhindura omu nkora y’omutindo, obuhango bw’entangahuuzi n’okushushana kw’ekyoma ky’okuteerana. Okujanjaba kw’okwotsya okuhikire nikubaasa kutunguura obubonero bukye bw’ekyoma, kukyendeeza aha kugwa kw’ebicweka ebitari birungi n’okutaanisa obukooko aha nshonda z’embibo, n’okutunguura okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ekintu kyona.

2. Emiringo y’okutegyeka okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma omu bwire bw’okuteera ebishushani by’amaani makye .

(I) Okutunguura enkora y'eby'okurya

Okutoorana omubazi gw’okuteeraho (matrix alloy) oguhikire: Kurugiirira aha byetengo by’omutaano eby’ekintu n’embeera y’okukikozesa, toorana omubazi gw’okuteeraho ogwa aluminiyamu ogw’omutaano ogurikubaasa kutwara obutagatsi burungi. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, aha bicweka by’okusheeshasheesha obutagatsi ebirikwetenga okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ahaiguru, okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’aluminiyamu eshemeire kuri ahaiguru, kandi nikibaasika kuteekateeka aha kwongyera aha biri omu aluminiyamu eshemeire omu muringo oguhikire; aha mirimo erikwetenga amaani n’okutwara obutagatsi, Al-Cu series, Al-Mg series n’ebindi bihingwa nibibaasa kutooranwa, kandi okukora nikubaasa kugyeragyeranisibwa orikutunguura omubaro gw’ebintu ebindi eby’ekihingwa.

Okwongyeraho ebintu ebikye ebirikukora nk’eby’okurya: Okwongeraho ebintu bikye ebirikukora nk’eby’okurya, nka Zn, Mn, Ti, n’ebindi, embibo z’eby’okurya nizibaasa kushemezibwa, omutindo gw’entebeekanisa nigubaasa kubonezibwa, kandi obwo n’okutwarwa kw’okwotsya nikubaasa kutunguuka. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, okwongyeraho Zn nikubaasa kutunguura amaani g’ekyoma kya aluminiyamu kuhika aha rurengo rumwe, obwo kiine akakwate kakye n’okutwara obutagatsi, kandi nikibaasa n’okutunguura omuhanda gw’okutwara obutagatsi orikukora emiringo y’omugasho.
Okutegyeka ebiri omu bintu ebitari birungi: okutegyeka munonga ebintu ebitari birungi ebiri omu nkora y’okuteerana, nka Fe, Si, n’ebindi Koresa ebintu ebitari bimwe na bimwe eby’obuyonjo bw’ahaiguru kandi otware enkora nungi z’okushemeza omu bwire bw’okusheenya kukyendeeza aha kutaaha kw’ebintu ebitari birungi. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Fe neija kukora omuringo gw’akabi ogwa β-AlFeSi omu nshaho ya aluminiyamu, ekirikuza kukyendeeza aha nkora y’okwotsya n’eby’obuhangwa bw’enshaho, n’ahabw’ekyo ebiri omu Fe nibyetenga kukyeberwa aha rurengo rwa hansi.
(II) Okutegyeka okuhikire kw’omuringo gw’okusheenya
Okutegyeka obutagatsi bw‘okusheenya: omu muringo oguhikire toorana obutagatsi bw‘okusheenya okwetantara obutagatsi bw‘ahaiguru nari obukye munonga oburikureetaho obuzibu aha nkora y‘ekyoma n‘omutindo gwakyo. Ebiriisa by’okusheenya ebiri ahaiguru munonga nibibaasa kureetera okwotsya n’okuhindura ebintu by’ekyoma kandi kwongyere aha butafaari; n’obu ebirikuba biri ahansi munonga biraareetera okusheesheka okutahikire kw’ekyoma ky’okuteerana kandi kikwate aha kushushana kw’ebintu ebirimu. Okutwarira hamwe, obutagatsi bw’okusheenya kw’ekyoma kya aluminiyamu buri ahagati ya 700°C-750°C, kandi obutagatsi obumanyirwe bushemerire kuhindurwa kurugiirira aha nkora y’ekyoma n’embeera y’ebikwato.
Okutegyeka obwire bw’okusheenya: Okutegyeka obwire bw’okusheenya kureeba ngu ebicweka by’ekyoma byashuuma omu bwijwire kandi byagabwa gye, kwonka zibire okutaana kw’ebintu by’ekyoma n’okusheenya kw’embibo okurikureetwaho okusheenya kw’obwire buraingwa. Omu bwire bw’okusheenya, omurimo gushemerire kukorwa kurugiirira aha nkora emwe, kandi omukuratana gw’okutaho ebintu n’obwire bw’okusheenya biine kutebeekanisibwa omu muringo oguhikire kubaasa kureetera ekirungo kuhika aha mbeera nungi y’okusheenya. Obwire bw’okusheenya omu bwijwire ni nk’eshaaha 1-2.
Okushemeza n’okusheenya: Koresa tekinologiya y’omurembe ey’okushemeza n’okusheenya, nk’okushemeza omuyaga ogutarikukora (argon, nitrogen, n’ebindi), okusheenya omuyaga ogutarimu kintu kyona, n’ebindi, kwihaho omuyaga (hydrogen, n’ebindi) n’ebiri omu nshaho. Omu bwire bw’okushemeza, okutaho gaasi etaine amaani nikubaasa kuhanga ebicupuri, ebirikunywa kandi bikatwara ebiri omu nshaho ebirimu oksijeni n’ebiri omu nshaho omu bwire bw’okutunguuka, obwo nibikyendeeza aha kuzaarwa kw’ebicupuri n’ebiri omu nshaho n’okutunguura oburemeezi n’okutambura kw’okwotsya kw’enshaho.
(III) Okutunguura enkora y‘okuteera ebiri omu nkora
Okutegyeka sipiidi y‘okutunguuka kw‘amaizi: Omu bwire bw‘okuteera amaizi omu muringo gw‘okusheeshasheesha okukye, sipiidi y‘okutunguuka kw‘amaizi eshemerire kuba eri ahagati. Omuvuyo gw‘okutunguuka kw‘amaizi nigwija kureetera eddy currents omu maizi g‘ekyoma omu bwire bw‘okutunguuka, kureetaho empeho n‘obukooko omu kiina ky‘ekibumbe, kuhangaho obucupa n‘ebintu ebirimu ebiriisa; n‘obu amaizi garikutunguuka mpora munonga nigaija kureetera amaizi g‘ekyoma kukyeera juba munonga omu bwire bw‘okutunguuka, ekirikukwata aha nkora y‘okujwisa n‘omutindo gw‘okuteera. Okutwarira hamwe, sipiidi y‘okutunguuka kw‘amaizi neetegyekwa ahagati ya 0.5-2mm/s, kandi sipiidi y‘omutaano eshemerire kuhindurwa kurugiirira aha bubonero, obuhango n‘okusheeshasheesha kw‘okuteera.
Okutegyeka okujwisa: Toorana okujwisa okuhikire kureeba ngu amaizi g’ekyoma gabaasa kwijuza gye kandi garikushushana. Pressure y’okujwisa eri ahaiguru munonga neija kureetera amaizi g’ekyoma kukwata aha kisiika ky’ekiina, kureetaho okusheesheka n’okutaho okwijuza, kandi n’okureetera okushoberwa kwingi omunda omunda y’okuteera, ekirikuteganisa okutwarwa kw’okwotsya; n‘obu pressure y‘okujwisa eri ahansi munonga neija kureetera oburemeezi nk‘okujwisa okutahikire n‘okukingaho obufuki omu kusheenya. Pureesha y’okujwisa okutwarira hamwe eri ahagati ya 20-80kPa, kandi pureesha y’omutaano eshemerire kubonezibwa kurugiirira aha bintu nk’okugumizamu kw’okuteera, obuhango bw’ekisiika n’okusheesheka kw’ekyoma.
Okutegyeka obwire bw‘okukwaata: Okutegyeka obwire bw‘okukwaata omu muringo oguhikire kureeba ngu okuteera nikubaasa kutunga omuhimbo gw‘okurihiirira okukyendeera okurikumara omu bwire bw‘omuringo gw‘okuhamya, n‘okukyendeeza aha kubaho kw‘oburemeezi nk‘okukyendeera n‘ebiina by‘okukyendeera. Obwire bw’okukwaata bwaba buri bukye munonga, okuteera tikurikwija kugarurwaho omu bwijwire omu bwire bw’omuringo gw’okuhamya, ekirikureetaho okusheesheka kw’omunda n’okwongyera aha nshaho, n’okukyendeeza aha kutwara obutagatsi; n‘obu obwire bw‘okukwaata bwaba buri buraingwa munonga, okuremeera kw‘omunda kw‘okuteera nikwija kweyongyera, kukwate aha mitwarize yaakyo ey‘ebyoma n‘okutwara obutagatsi. Obwire bw’okukwaata omu bwijwire nibumanyirwa aha bugabe bw’okuteera n’emitwarize y’okuhamya kw’ekyoma, obwire obwingi ahagati ya sekondi makumi n’edakiika nkye.
(IV) Omuringo gw’okujanjaba ogw’okwotsya oguhikire
Okujanjaba kw’okushoboorora: Okwotsya ekirungo kya aluminiyamu aha bwire bw’okwotsya bwingi (okutwarira hamwe ahagati ya 500°C-550°C), kigume nikishuuma kumara obwire obumanyirwe, kugira ngu ebintu by’okushohoza ebiri omu kirungo bishohore omu bwijwire omu nkora ya aluminiyamu kubaasa kukora ekirungo ekigumire ekirikushushana. Okujanjaba kw‘omubazi nikubaasa kutunguura amaani n‘obugumire bw‘ekirungo, kandi nikigasira n‘okujanjaba okukura okurikukuratiraho n‘okutunguura okutwarwa kw‘okwotsya kw‘ekirungo. Kwonka kishemerire kumanya ngu okutegyeka obutagatsi n‘obwire bw‘okujanjaba omubazi ni kikuru munonga. Okujanjaba kw‘omubazi gw‘ahaiguru munonga nari okuraingwa munonga nikwija kureetera embibo kuguma n‘okukyendeeza aha kujwara munonga, ekirikuza kukwata aha nkora y‘okutwara obutagatsi.
Okujanjaba okukura: Ekirungo bwanyima y’okujanjaba omubazi nikiguma aha bwire bw’obwire bukye (okutwarira hamwe ahagati ya 150°C-200°C) kubaasa kusheeshasheesha ebintu by’omubazi omu kirungo omu muringo gw’ebicweka bikye kubaasa kuhangaho omurundi gw’okuhamya ogujanjaire, obwo nigutunguura amaani n’obugumire bw’ekirungo. Okujanjaba okuhikire okw‘okukura nikubaasa kutunguura obubonero bukye bw‘ekyoma, kukyendeeza aha kwahukana kw‘obukooko n‘oburemeezi aha nshonda y‘entangahuuzi, n‘okutunguura okutwarwa kw‘okwotsya. Kwonka, obutagatsi n‘obwire bw‘okujanjaba okukura nabyo nibyetenga kukyeberwa gye okwetantara okukura munonga nari okukura okukye, ekirikubaasa kukwata aha kukora kw‘ekyoma ky‘okuteera.

3. Emiringo y’okugyezaho n’okushwijuma obutagatsi bw’ebintu ebikozirwe omu nshaho .
(I) Omuringo gw'okupima obutoosha ogw'okutwara obutagatsi
Enkora ya Steady-state: harimu enkora y‘okurinda obutagatsi, enkora y‘omupiira gw‘enziga, n‘ebindi Enkora y‘okurinda obutagatsi n‘okukora ekintu ekirikuza kugyezibwa omu sampo y‘ekipande ky‘obuhango oburikwera, okakiteeka ahagati y‘ebipande bibiri by‘okwotsya ebirikurindwa, kandi okabara obutagatsi oburikutwarwa aha ntaaniso y‘obutagatsi bwa both the heat sample. Omuringo ogu gwine obuhikire bw‘okupima bw‘ahaiguru, kwonka ebyetaago by‘okutebeekanisa sampo nibigumizamu kandi obwire bw‘okupima nibumara obwire buraingwa. Nikirungi omu kucondooza n’okugyezaho ebintu ebiine ebyetaago by’okutwara obutagatsi bwingi.
** omuringo gw’obwire bukye **: nk’omuringo gw’okukoresa laser flash. Enkora egi neereeta laser y’okuteera (pulse) ngufu aha mutwe gw’eky’okureeberaho kubaasa kuhingisa aha mutwe gw’eky’okureeberaho ahonaaho, reero bwanyima epime omuhimbo gw’empindahinduka y’obutagatsi aha rubaju rw’enyima y’eky’okureeberaho, kandi ekoresa emiringo y’okubara nk’okuhindura kwa Fourier kubara okujanjaara kw’okwotsya n’okutwarwa kw’okwotsya. Omuringo gwa laser flash gwine ebirungi by’okupima omu bwangu n’okukoresa bingi. Nikibaasa kupima omu bwangu kandi omu muringo oguhikire oku ebintu birikutwara obutagatsi, namunonga ahabw’okupima omu myanya erimu obutagatsi bwingi.
(II) Omuringo gw‘okushwijuma ogutarikuhikaana
Enkoragana ahagati y’okuzibira n’okutwara obutagatsi: Okurugirira aha kiragiro kya Wiedemann-Franz, hariho akakwate akamwe ahagati y’okutwara obutagatsi n’okutwara amashanyarazi g’ebintu by’ekyoma, nikwo kugira ngu, omubaro gw’okutwara obutagatsi n’okutwara amashanyarazi niguhikaana n’obutagatsi. Nahabwekyo, okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma nikubaasa kukyeberwa omu muringo ogutarikuhikaana n’okupima okuzibira (narishi okutwarwa kw’amashanyarazi) kw’ebintu by’ekyoma n’okugaita ekiragiro eki. Omuringo ogu gworobi kukora kandi nigurahuka, kwonka kishemerire kumanya ngu okukoresa ekiragiro eki omu bintu bitarikushushana n’omu myanya y’obutagatsi nikutaana, kandi okutereeza n’okuhamya okumwe nikwetengyesa.
Okushwijuma kurabira omu kugyezaho okukora n‘okukoresa buzima: Omu kuhanga kw‘okuteera kw‘amaani makye okwabuzima, okushwijuma okutahikire nikubaasa kukorwa kurabira omu kugyezaho okukora n‘okukoresa buzima kw‘okukoresa kw‘okuteera. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, aha bintu nk’ebirikureeta ebiriisa, okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma nikubaasa kucwerwa orubanja orikugyezaho oku birikubinga obutagatsi, oku birikugabwa n’ebindi ebirikworeka okukora gye kureeba yaaba nibihikiiriza ebirikwetengyesa; aha bicweka bya ingini, oku okutwarwa kw‘okwotsya kurikukora aha kukora kw‘ebintu nikubaasa kukyeberwa kurabira omu byorekyerezi nk‘okukora kwa ingini n‘okukora gye kw‘okwotsya.

4. Okushwijuma enshonga
(I) Ekicweka ky’okuteeraho eky’omutwe gw’emotoka emwe
Kampuni emwe erikukora emotoka neeyetenga kukora emotoka erikukora gye munonga . omutwe gwa silinda ya ingini ya aluminiyamu, ekirikwetenga ngu kibe kiine obushoboorozi burungi bw’okutwara omushana n’amaani maingi. Omu nkora y’okukora, omubazi gwa Al-Si-Cu-Mg gukatooranwa barikutunguura enkora y’omubazi, kandi ebiri omu kintu ky’obushema Fe bikakyeberwa munonga ahansi ya 0.5%; omu nkora y’okusheenya, tekinologiya y’okushemeza argon ekakoresibwa okutegyeka ebiri omu maizi ebiri ahansi ya 0.1ml/100gAl; omu nkora y’okuteera amaizi g’omuyaga mukye, omuvuyo gw’okutunguuka kw’amaizi gukaba nigutegyekwa kuhika ahari 1.2mm/s, omuyaga gw’okujwisa gukaba guri 40kPa, kandi obwire bw’okukwaata bukaba buri 60s; aha muheru, obujanjabi bw‘okushoboorora obuhikire n‘obujanjabi bw‘okukura bikakorwa. Bwanyima y’okutaho emiringo y’okutegyeka, okutambura kw’okwotsya kw’omutwe gw’ekikopo ky’emotoka ogwakozirwe kukahika aha 120W/(m·K), ekyahikire aha byetengo by’okukora kandi kyatunguura gye okusheeshasheesha kw’okwotsya n’obwesigwa bw’emotoka.
(II) Ekibokisi ky’okuteeraho ebiriisa by’amashanyarazi
Kampuni erikukora eby’okukoresa eby’amashanyarazi neeyenda radiator y’ekyoma ky’aluminiyamu erimu obutagatsi bwingi, erikwetenga obutagatsi obutari ahansi ya 150W/(m·K). Omu nkora y’okukora, aluminiyamu ey’obushemeire bw’ahaiguru neekoresibwa nk’omusingi, kandi omubaro oguhikire ogwa Cu, Mn n’ebindi bintu nigwongyerwaho kubaasa kutunguura okutwarwa kw’okwotsya n’emitwarize y’ebyoma y’ekyoma eki; omu nkora y’okusheenya, obutagatsi n’obwire bw’okusheenya nibikyeberwa munonga, kandi emiringo y’okusheenya n’okusheenya ebiri omu mwanya (vacuum degassing) neekoresibwa kureeba ngu ekirungo kyaba kishemeire; omu nkora y’okuteera ebintu omu muringo gw’amaani makye, omuringo gw’okukora ekibumbe n’ebintu ebirikukorwa omu nkora nibibonezibwa kugira ngu ekyoma ekicukire kibaasa kwijuza ekiina omu muringo ogurikushushana kandi kikyendeeze aha kuzaarwa kw’oburemeezi bw’omunda; omu bwire nibwo bumwe, ebicupuri nibizingwa omu bwire bw’obufuki, bikyeberwa omu muringo gw’okwotsya n’ebindi bikorwa by’okukora kubaasa kutunguura okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu. Okwotsya kw’ekintu ekirikureeta obutagatsi okurikuhererukayo kukorwa nikuhika ahari 160W/(m·K), ekirikuhikiiriza ebyetaago by’okushohoza obutagatsi eby’ebikwato by’ebyoma kandi kihamya ngu eby’okukoresa byakora gye.

5. Okuhendera
Omu nkora y’okuteera eby’okurya omu muringo gw’amaani makye, okutegyeka okutwarwa kw’okwotsya kw’ebintu by’ekyoma n’omurimo ogutebeekanisiibwe gye, ogurikwetenga okuteekateeka okuhikire n’okutunguura kuruga omu bintu bingi nk’okukora eby’okuteera eby’ekyoma, omuringo gw’okusheenya, omuringo gw’okuteera n’omuringo gw’okukyebera obutagatsi. Omu kutoorana gye ebintu by’ekyoma, okutegyeka gye ebiri omu nshaho, okutegyeka gye okusheenya n’okuteera, n’okutwara emiringo y’okujanjaba obutagatsi ehikire, okutwara obutagatsi bw’ekyoma kya aluminiyamu nikubaasa kutunguuka gye kuhikiiriza ebyetaago by’okukora eby’abaguzi batari bamwe na bamwe ahabw’ebintu. Omu bwire nibwo bumwe, okutoorana emiringo ehikire y‘okugyezesa n‘okushwijuma kubaasa kupima gye n‘okucwera orubanja okutwarwa kw‘okwotsya kw‘ebintu by‘ekyoma nakyo n‘omuringo mukuru gw‘okureeba ngu ebintu byakora gye kandi byakora gye.